Tertiary fatty amides as diesel fuel substitutes

Serdari, A.; Lois, E.; Stournas, S.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(200004)24:5<455::aid-er602>3.0.co;2-5

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…methanol or ethanol [5]. In the past few decades, biodiesel has received increased attention as it offers many environmental benefits such as renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, contains zero sulfur and aromatic substances [1][2][3][4][5]. Furthermore, it can be mixed with petroleum-diesel in any proportion and directly used in engines with no need additional modifications [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil with Ca and La mixed oxide catalyst in near supercritical methanol conditions

Teo

Goto

Taufiq‐Yap

2015

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids

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Please cite this article as: Siow Hwa Teo, Motonobu Goto, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap, Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L.oil with Ca and La mixed oxide catalyst in near supercritical methanol conditions, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids http://dx. AbstractThe catalytic transesterification of crude Jatropha curcus oil (JCO) with supercritical methanol (scMeOH), in the presence of calcium lanthanum mixed oxide (CaLaO) heterogeneous base catalyst was carried out using a batch reactor at near critical temperatures and pressures. The performance of synthesized CaLaO mixed oxide catalysts was examined by characterizing it through instruments such as XRD, BET and CO 2 -TPD, revealed that the Ca/La atomic ratio strongly affects the phase structure, catalyst basic sites, and thus the catalytic reactivity. The reaction parameters including Ca/La atomic molar ratio in the mixed metal oxide catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction pressure, temperature and time were varied one at a time and optimized based on the content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The highest FAME yield for supercritical methanolysis reached 93 % under the optimum reaction conditions: 240 ○ C, 8.2 MPa, a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 21:1, and reaction time of 60 min in the presence of 1 wt. % catalyst. The results demonstrated that the presence of CaLaO mixed oxide catalyst in the reaction system effectively reduced reaction temperature, time and pressure of supercritical conditions. It required a very low concentration to mitigate the harsh operation conditions (290 ○ C, 15 MPa, 60 min) of the scMeOH process. On the other hand, supercritical reaction compensated for low conversion rate of solid catalytic transesterification whereby, it takes one step further byimproving the role of catalyst with supercritical conditions to achieve higher yield and shorter processing time. The reusability of CaLaO mixed oxide catalyst for repeated use was tested, the catalytic activity was >80 % when the catalyst was employed for fourth time. The study concluded that slight leaching of Ca 2+ (0.52~6.07 ppm) and La 3+ (0.34~2.33 ppm) occurred during transesterification reaction, however it is below acceptable levels of metals as ASTM D6751 (United State) and in Europe, EN 14214 (Europe) standards. This proved that heterogeneous catalytic supercritical reaction process is more promising than non-catalytic processes and it can be turned to practical use in the near future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil with Ca and La mixed oxide catalyst in near supercritical methanol conditions

Teo

Goto

Taufiq‐Yap

2015

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids

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“…Three previous studies in our laboratory showed that the esters of mono-and di-carboxylic acids, acetoacetates, aliphatic amines and tertiary amides are five interesting categories of diesel fuel extenders as they incorporate very good cetane rating with satisfactory cold flow performance, and they fulfill the rest of the diesel fuel specifications [27][28][29]. Another important result from our experiments was the beneficial impact of these oxygen and nitrogen compounds tested on particulate matter emissions from internal combustion engines, where in all cases, a reduction in particulate matter emissions was observed, especially in higher loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of oxygen and nitrogen compounds on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels

Anastopoulos

Lois

Karonis

et al. 2005

Energy

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“…Moreover, fatty acid amide derivatives (FADs) termed to be more useful than ester derivates in biodiesel technology as they have better ignition properties. 16,17 Also, fatty acid amides derived from natural triglycerides are completely free from sulfur or aromatic compounds and hence help to reduce the greenhouse effect, improve cetane number, cold flow characteristics, and a positive effect on particulate matter emissions. 16 Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, and potassium methoxide are the most commonly used homogeneous basic catalysts used for FAMEs synthesis although they are very sensitive towards moisture content and high free fatty acid (FFA) contents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,17 Also, fatty acid amides derived from natural triglycerides are completely free from sulfur or aromatic compounds and hence help to reduce the greenhouse effect, improve cetane number, cold flow characteristics, and a positive effect on particulate matter emissions. 16 Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, and potassium methoxide are the most commonly used homogeneous basic catalysts used for FAMEs synthesis although they are very sensitive towards moisture content and high free fatty acid (FFA) contents. [18][19][20] Also, removing homogeneous catalysts (acid or base) from products needs a lot of washing with water, which in turn leads to water wastage and increased process cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐pot solvent‐free transformation of natural triglycerides to ester and amide derivatives over CaO@KC nanostructured catalysts

2020

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Summary In the present report, the fatty acid alkyl esters and fatty acid amides were synthesized from natural triglycerides by highly selective solvent‐free one‐step methods using 3.5‐CaO@KC‐400 nanocrystals as a heterogeneous catalyst. A modified wetness chemical impregnation method was used to prepared potassium carbonate‐doped CaO, ZnO, and MgO nanocrystals. The prepared 3.5‐CaO@KC‐400 nanocrystals were found as the most efficient heterogeneous catalyst (5%, w/w) for amidation (6:1 M ratio of diethanolamine/oil, 110°C) and transesterification (12:1 M ratio of methanol/oil, 65°C) of waste cooking oil and took 30 minutes for the completion of both the reactions. The 3.5‐CaO@KC‐400 nanocrystals were found to be efficient at room temperature also and reused for 10 reaction cycles for both reactions. The pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model was applied and the first‐order rate constant was calculated as 0.15 minute−1 and 0.103 minute−1 for the amidation and transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil, respectively.

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Tertiary fatty amides as diesel fuel substitutes

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil with Ca and La mixed oxide catalyst in near supercritical methanol conditions

Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil with Ca and La mixed oxide catalyst in near supercritical methanol conditions

Impact of oxygen and nitrogen compounds on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels

One‐pot solvent‐free transformation of natural triglycerides to ester and amide derivatives over CaO@KC nanostructured catalysts

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