Terrorism in Pakistan: the psychosocial context and why it matters

Nizami, Asad Tamizuddin; Hassan, Tariq; Yasir, Sadia; Rana, Mowaddat Hussain; Minhas, Fareed Aslam

doi:10.1192/bji.2017.9

Cited by 44 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Finally, age was associated negatively to pro-country selfsacrifice, b = À.05, p < .001, which has been proposed in the literature (Atran, 2010;Möller-Leimkühler, 2018;Nizami et al, 2018). We did not find a significant effect of sex on procountry self-sacrifice, b = À.18, p = .23.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Why do people self‐sacrifice for their country? The roles of identity fusion and empathic concern

et al. 2021

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Identity fusion with a group, a feeling of connection with it, is a good predictor of extreme pro-group behavior, an action to favor or protect the group, including self-sacrifice. Relational ties and personal distress (self-oriented emotional reaction; e.g., anxiety, distress) toward ingroup members in need have been evaluated separately as mediators of the relationship between identity fusion and pro-group self-sacrifice. Another mediator could be empathic concern (other-oriented emotional reaction; e.g., compassion, sympathy), but it has not been considered in the literature. We related those three mediators in a model. The objective was to analyze whether relational ties mediate the relationship between identity fusion and pro-country self-sacrifice whereas both empathic concern and personal distress mediate the association between relational ties and pro-country self-sacrifice. We expected that identity fusion with the country leads to more relational ties, which in turn evokes both empathic concern and personal distress, and those emotional reactions promote more and less pro-country self-sacrifice, respectively, with more effect of empathic concern than personal distress. We considered the country as the group reference because it is the most used in identity fusion research. In a sample of university students (N = 539), the results supported this model: Identity fusion promoted relational ties, which in turn evoked empathic concern and personal distress. Then, the last two variables predicted more and less self-sacrifice, respectively, with more effect of empathic concern than personal distress. We discussed the theoretical implications of the model, especially the relationship of identity fusion with empathic concern and personal distress-traditional explanations for pro-group behavior-considering the different motivations associated to both emotional reactions. Despite the limitations associated with the measurements, the data supported the model that relates variables not previously explored jointly.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Why do people self‐sacrifice for their country? The roles of identity fusion and empathic concern

et al. 2021

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“…The presence of violent extremism incidents in different areas of Pakistan including the occurrences involving violent student clashes, strikes, and quarrels among college and university students have been observed frequently (Ismail et al, 2020). Due to these violent outbursts and clashes (Nizami et al, 2018) Pakistan has suffered considerably. However, regardless of a rise in the incidents of violent clashes in the country, there is lack of literature available on understanding and exploration of factors responsible for adopting and manifestation of extremism and radicalization among college and university This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of Risk Assessment Tool for Extremism (RATE) for young people in Pakistan.

Ehsan¹,

Hassan²,

Saleem³

et al. 2021

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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In the present study, we aimed to identify and measure the risk factors for developing extremist tendencies. We thus developed a comprehensive risk assessment tool to identify extremism and violent tendencies among young people in the context of Pakistan. This research is being carried out in three successive studies that are built upon each other. In Study-I, we carried out detailed focused group discussions (FGDs) with psychologists, military personnel, religious scholars, police officers, educationists, and media analysts to identify any potential risk factors for extremism. Based upon the findings of FDGs and detailed literature review we generated an item pool comprising of 68 items to assess such risk factors among young people in Pakistan. A tryout for initial version of the newly developed test was conducted (n = 32) for the scale to assess preliminary psychometric properties and face validity of the scale. In study II, we carried out Exploratory Factor Analysis on a sample comprising of 365 young adults (age 16-30 years; female = 234; male = 131). The scree plot suggested retaining five factors, including lack of tolerance toward others, desire to have control over others, dependant self-worth, lack of religious tolerance, and lack of education. In study III, we recruited 347 participants 142 female (40%) and 205 male (58%) age ranged 16-28 years. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) model showed acceptable fit to the data, χ 2 (406) = 2181.890, p < .001; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.038; SRMR = 0.056. The CFA model largely confirmed the factorial structure we derived from EFA study II sample except "Lack of education" which was not sustained due to poor item loading. In contrast, religious intolerance, although identified as one of the risk factors, appears to contribute minimally to the variance within the model that we developed on Risk Assessment Tool for Extremism (RATE). We found strong positive correlation between Violent Extremism Beliefs Scale (VEBS) and RATE. Moreover, Risk Factors for Extremism have positive correlation with negative psychological outcomes including Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Public Significance StatementExtremism and radicalization are a growing concern for many societies, especially in low-income countries. This study suggests various significant psychological risk factors for extremism among young individuals. The newly developed scale will be imperative in highlighting the presence and magnitude of risk for extremism among young individuals.

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“…In most cases, madrassas are financially independent (Berkey, 2010) and are financed by Zakat and charity from private sources. The only regulatory control government exercise over the madrassas in Pakistan is to conduct examinations (Nizami et al, 2018). The government does not exercise any control over these institutions when it comes to providing informal welfare.…”

Section: Overview Of Social Protection In Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing formal and informal social protection: a case study exploring the usefulness of informal social protection in Pakistan

Mumtaz

Whiteford

2021

J. int. comp. soc. policy

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In most global south countries, various informal institutions provide welfare to a large segment of the neglected, poor and vulnerable populations through informal social protection. Despite being a major source of welfare in the global south, the usefulness of informal social protection at the household level remains an under-researched area. In this exploratory study, we have determined the usefulness of informal social protection provided through religious institutions, such as madrassas and compared it with formal social protection at the household level utilising the case study of a lower-income country such as Pakistan. A mixed methodology of data collection comprising a survey and semi-structured interviews in 14 different cities of Pakistan of the poor and eligible households for receiving formal social protection was conducted for the research. The results suggest the coverage of informal social protection provided by madrassas is greater than formal social protection. The poor and vulnerable population value and considers it more useful than formal social protection. We conclude that integrating informal and formal social protection would help improve the effectiveness of social policies in developing and less developed countries.

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Terrorism in Pakistan: the psychosocial context and why it matters

Cited by 44 publications

References 18 publications

Why do people self‐sacrifice for their country? The roles of identity fusion and empathic concern

Why do people self‐sacrifice for their country? The roles of identity fusion and empathic concern

Development and validation of Risk Assessment Tool for Extremism (RATE) for young people in Pakistan.

Comparing formal and informal social protection: a case study exploring the usefulness of informal social protection in Pakistan

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