Terpenoids from the roots of Leontopodium longifolium and their inhibitory activity on NO production in RAW264.7 cells

Abstract

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Leontopodium longifolium, led to the isolation of a novel norsesquiterpene, named as longifolactone (1), along with three known diterpenes. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of the new compound was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) using both experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Furthermore, their antiinflammatory effects were evaluated in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells to determine their effects on the release of NO. Longifolactone (1) showed weak cytotoxicity towards two human cancer cell lines.

Neuroprotective Effect of ent-Kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic Acid on Amyloid Beta Peptide-Induced Oxidative Apoptosis in Alzheimer’s Disease

“…3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect LL-3 (chemical structure as shown in Figure 1) [26] cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. According to Figure 2B, dosage 2.5-20 µM that showed no significant alternation compared to control cells were adopted to detect the LL-3 neuroprotective role in amyloid beta peptide [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] )-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. As Figure 2C shows, LL-3 reversed the cytotoxic activity caused by Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] .…”

“…The assay showed that SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ 25-35 alone caused great elevation of ROS production compared to the control group. LL-3 significantly reduced the ROS level with G-mean at 2.5 µM (0.49), 5 µM (0.44), 10 µM, (0.39), 20 µM (0.31) ( Figure 3A), implying that LL-3 may relieve oxidative stress induced by Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] .…”

“…GSH and SOD react with oxyradicals and MDA causes oxidative stress. The results found that the levels of GSH and SOD significantly increased and level of MDA decreased in a dose-independent way through LL-3 co-treatment compared to Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] alone ( Figure 3B-D), suggesting that LL-3 may improve the anti-oxidant system to relive oxidative stress caused by Aβ 25-35 .…”

“…When cells are in mitochondrial apoptotic status, they can form apoptotic bodies including nuclear fragments and organelle which can be stained by diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). In the Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] treated alone group, massive cells with apoptotic bodies were detected under fluorescent microscope. While exposed to LL-3 (5, 10, 20 µM) this phenomenon can be significantly reversed ( Figure 5A).…”

“…Leontopodium longifolium, herbal medicine belonged to Asteraceae, widely distributes in Asia and Europe. Previous study has demonstrated that compound ent-kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid (LL-3) extracted from it significantly scavenged free radical nitric oxide (NO) that plays an important role in oxidative stress [26], so LL-3 neuroprotective role of SH-SY5Y cells considered as a classical AD cellular model was studied in the current study [27].…”