Ternary Anode Design for Sustainable Battery Technology: An Off-Stoichiometric Sn/SnSiO_x+2@C Composite Recycled from Biomass

Abstract

Recycling of environmentally benign, highly abundant mineral resources and low-cost biomass for electrodes is urgently needed for the sustainable integration of energy storage devices. In the present study, we propose a rational design of a ternary composite by integrating Sn nanoparticles, a glass-phase SnSiO x+2 matrix, and a biomass deriving N-doped carbon framework via a one-pot, scalable annealing process. The synergistic effect of reversible Li+ storage properties originates from the complementary functionalities of each component: abundant functional groups grafted on the processed biomass anchor the metallic precursors for intimate coupling of the electroactive components, and the biomass-derived carbon framework serves as a conductive substrate for the ultrasmall Sn particles calcinated from the off-stoichiometric precursor ratio while glass-phase SnSiO x+2 accommodates the volume expansion of the Sn–Li alloy. The Sn/SnSiO x+2@C-650 composite anode displays an overall satisfactory cycle performance: the high areal capacity of 1.68 mA h cm–2 with average Columbic efficiency higher than 99% at 0.2 mA cm–2 and rate behavior up to 4 mA cm–2 are simultaneously realized in the half cell. We further establish a prototype full cell by pairing the Sn/SnSiO x+2@C-650 anode with the modified LiMn2O4 cathode: a remarkable cycling stability is maintained for 50 cycles with high gravimetric/volumetric energy densities. This biomass-templated strategy demonstrates a precise control over the structural and compositional features of a multinary composite for next-generation batteries.

Lithium Ion Alloying-Type Artificial Synapses

“…This reversible reaction can usually be expressed as Sn + x Li + + x e – ⇄ Li x Sn . Most of the Li + of the electrolyte is triggered by a series of positive spikes cause to migration to SONPs, and some of the Li + returns to equilibrium when the pulse is withdrawn.…”

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

“…11b). 278 The CuO/C catalyst showed high efficiency in a wide pH range (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10) and in real aqueous matrices. The redox cycle of Cu(II)/Cu(I) in the CuO/C heterogeneous catalyst is considered to be dominant force in promoting the activation of PMS to form oxygen.…”

Rechargeable Batteries: Regulating Electronic and Ionic Transports for High Electrochemical Performance

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 302 ] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. f) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of N/CoPSAC.…”

“…A zinc-air battery with FeNi-NC displayed excellent charging and discharging polarization curves and robust cycle stability, which are superior to those of the 20% Pt/C + IrO 2based one. Bai et al [302] proposed a rational design of a ternary composite by integrating Sn nanoparticles, a glass-phase SnSiO x+2 matrix, and a biomass-derived N-doped carbon framework via a one-pot, scalable annealing process (Figure 15e). The synergistic effect of abundant functional groups grafted on the processed biomass anchors the metallic precursors for intimate coupling of the electroactive components, and the biomassderived carbon framework serves as a conductive substrate for ultrasmall Sn particles calcinated from the off-stoichiometric precursor ratio, while glass-phase SnSiO x+2 accommodates the volume expansion of the Sn-Li alloy.…”