Tensile and Flexural Strength of Commercially Pure Titanium Submitted to Laser and Tungsten Inert Gas Welds

Abstract

This study evaluated the tensile and flexural strength of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds in specimens made of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) compared with laser welds. Sixty cylindrical specimens (2 mm diameter x 55 mm thick) were randomly assigned to 3 groups for each test (n=10): no welding (control), TIG welding (10 V, 36 A, 8 s) and Nd:YAG laser welding (380 V, 8 ms). The specimens were radiographed and subjected to tensile and flexural strength tests at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min using a load cell of 500 kgf applied on the welded interface or at the middle point of the non-welded specimens. Tensile strength data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test, and flexural strength data by the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=0.05). Non-welded specimens presented significantly higher tensile strength (control=605.84±19.83) (p=0.015) and flexural strength (control=1908.75) (p=0.000) than TIG-and laser-welded ones. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the welding types for neither the tensile strength test (TIG=514.90±37.76; laser=515.85±62.07) nor the flexural strength test (TIG=1559.66; laser=1621.64). As far as tensile and flexural strengths are concerned, TIG was similar to laser and could be suitable to replace laser welding in implant-supported rehabilitations.

Comparative analysis of ceramic flexural strength in co-cr and ni-cr alloys joined by TIG welding and conventional brazing

“…TIG welding process involves joining metal structures by heating and melting them through an electric arc established between a tungsten electrode and the parts to be fused 16 . The most commonly used gases during TIG welding are helium and argon 10,17 . Although the use of TIG welding in dentistry is uncommon, some studies show the superiority of this technique compared to conventional brazing 18,19 .…”

Evaluation of ceramic flexural strength of a cobalt-chromium alloy subjected to airborne particle abrasion and tungsten inert gas welding

“…An acrylic device containing a channel was used for accommodating the specimens, without any spaces between them 19 .…”

“…Although the conventional brazing technique is more used in dentistry, studies have demonstrated the superiority of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding 15,16 . This process uses an electric arc formed between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and the part to be fused and applies an inert gas (argon or helium) to provide local protection to prevent oxidation [17][18][19][20] . In this type of welding, heating is concentrated and disorders and deformation are minimized; furthermore, there is an increase in corrosion resistance due to the lack of galvanic effects in the joint 17 .…”

Evaluation of X-shaped welded joints with Co-Cr alloy under different welding parameters: analysis by micro-CT and flexural strength

“…The studies focused on prosthetic frameworks were developed to optimize their production by the use of prefabricated bars and welding techniques other than conventional welding (Lyra e Silva, et al 2012;Silveira-Júnior, et al 2012;Castro, et al 2015;Simamoto-Júnior, et al, 2015). Studies have been conducted to evaluate the types of welding techniques (Wang & Welsch, 1995;Baba & Watanabe, 2005;Rocha, et al 2006;Zupancic, et al 2006;Barbi, et al 2012;Lyra e Silva, et al 2012;Nuñez-Pantoja, et al 2012;Atoui, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2015;Matos, et al 2015;, the settings of welding equipment (Chai & Chou, 1998;Baba & Watanabe, 2005;Akman, et al 2009; Lyra e Silva, et al 2015), the types of alloys used (Rocha, et al 2006;Watanabe & Topham, 2006;Takayama, et al 2012;Takayama, et al 2013;Lyra e Silva, et al 2015;Matos, et al 2015), the settings of the joints (Zupancic, et al 2006;Nuñez-Pantoja, et al 2012;Takayama, et al 2012;Kokolis, et al 2015;Simamoto-Júnior, et al 2015), and mechanical methods of evaluation of these weld joints (Nuñez-Pantoja, et al 2011;Takayama, et al 2012;Takayama, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2015).…”

“…Among the welding techniques, two have been identified for dental use: laser welding (Berg, et al 1995;Wang and Welsch, 1995;Chai & Chou, 1998;Baba & Watanabe, 2005;Akman, et al 2009;Byrne, 2011;Nuñez-Pantoja, et al 2011;Barbi, et al 2012;Nuñez-Pantoja, et al 2012;Silveira-Júnior, et al 2012;Takayma, et al 2012;Atoui, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2013;Takayama, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2015;Kokolis, et al 2015;Matos, et al 2015) and TIG or plasma welding (Wang & Welsch, 1995;Taylor, et al 1998;Rocha, et al 2006;Byrne, 2011;Barbi, et al 2012;Lyra e Silva, et al 2012;Nuñez-Pantoja, et al 2012;Silveira-Júnior, et al 2012;Atoui, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2013;Castro, et al 2015;Matos, et al 2015;Simamoto-Júnior, et al 2015). Both have some advantages: welding can be performed directly on the model (Chai & Chou, 1998;Baba & Watanabe, 2005;Rocha, et al 2006;Zupancic, et al 2006;Barbi, et al 2012;Silveira-Júnior, et al 2012;Castro, et al 2015), energy can be concentrated in a small area (Rocha, et al 2006;Barbi, et al 2012;Lyra e Silva, et al 2012;…”