In this study, titanium (Ti) was modified with biofunctional and novel surface by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and glow discharge plasma (GDP) and we tested the development of a three-species periodontopatogenic biofilm onto the treated commercially-pure titanium (cpTi) surfaces. Machined and sandblasted surfaces were used as control group. Several techniques for surface characterizations and monoculture on bone tissue cells were performed. A multispecies biofilm composed of Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces naeslundii and Fusobacterium nucleatum was developed onto cpTi discs for 16.5h (early biofilm) and 64.5h (mature biofilm). The number of viable microorganisms and the composition of the extracellular matrix (proteins and carbohydrates) were determined. The biofilm organization was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In addition, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the Ti surfaces and cell proliferation (MTT) and morphology (SEM) were assessed. MAO treatment produced oxide films rich in calcium and phosphorus with a volcano appearance while GDP treatment produced silicon-based smooth thin-film. Plasma treatments were able to increase the wettability of cpTi (p<0.05). An increase of surface roughness (p<0.05) and formation of anatase and rutile structures was noted after MAO treatment. GDP had the greatest surface free energy (p<0.05) while maintaining the surface roughness compared to the machined control (p>0.05). Plasma treatment did not affect the viable microorganisms counts, but the counts of F. nucleatum was lower for MAO treatment at early biofilm phase. Biofilm extracellular matrix was similar among the groups, excepted for GDP that presented the lowest protein content. Moreover, cell proliferation was not significantly affected by the experimental, except for MAO at 6days that resulted in an increased cell proliferative. Together, these findings indicate that plasma treatments are a viable and promising technology to treat bone-integrated dental implants as the new surfaces displayed improved mechanical and biological properties with no increase in biofilm proliferation.

In this study, the authors tested the hypotheses that plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and glow-discharge plasma (GDP) would improve the electrochemical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium (cpTi), and that blood protein adsorption on plasma-treated surfaces would increase. Machined and sandblasted surfaces were used as controls. Standard electrochemical tests were conducted in artificial saliva (pHs of 3.0, 6.5, and 9.0) and simulated body fluid. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, profilometry, Vickers microhardness, and surface energy. For biological assay, the adsorption of blood serum proteins (i.e., albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin) was tested. Higher values of polarization resistance and lower values of capacitance were noted for the PEO and GDP groups (p < 0.05). Acidic artificial saliva reduced the corrosion resistance of cpTi (p < 0.05). PEO and GDP treatments improved the surface properties by enrichment of the surface chemistry with bioactive elements and increased surface energy. PEO produced a porous oxide layer (5-μm thickness), while GDP created a very thin oxide layer (0.76-μm thickness). For the PEO group, the authors noted rutile and anatase crystalline structures that may be responsible for the corrosion barrier improvement and increased microhardness values. Plasma treatments were able to enhance the surface properties and electrochemical stability of titanium, while increasing protein adsorption levels.

There is no established protocol for bonding zirconia (Y-TZP) with resin cements. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) may be an alternative for the clinical problems related to adhesion. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the surface of Y-TZP exposed to methane (CH) NTP or coated with a layer of primer for metal alloys and the association between the two methods and to evaluate the effect of NTP treatment on bond strength between Y-TZP and two resin cements. A total of 235 Y-TZP discs (8×2mm) were distributed into five groups: Co (no surface treatment), Pr (primer), NTP (methane plasma), Pr+NTP and NTP+Pr. The effect of the treatment type on the surface free energy, morphology, topography and chemical composition of the Y-TZP discs was investigated. The discs were cemented to composite resin substrates using Panavia F2.0 or RelyX U200. Shear bond strength (n=10) analyses were performed (1mm/min) before and after thermocycling (5-55°C, 2000cycles) on the bonded specimens. The data were analyzed with one and three-way ANOVAs and Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). NTP reduced the surface energy and roughness of the Y-TZP discs. SEM-EDS and XPS analyses showed the presence of the organic thin film, which significantly improved the bond strength results when Rely X U200 was used, whereas the primer treatment was more effective with Panavia F2.0. Thermocycling significantly reduced the bond strength results of the NTP and Pr+NTP groups cemented with Rely X U200 and the Pr and NTP+Pr groups cemented with Panavia F2.0. Nonthermal plasma improves the bond strength between Rely X U200 and Y-TZP and also seems to have water-resistant behavior, whereas Panavia F2.0 showed better results when associated with primer.

Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, brushing, and the association of mechanical and chemical methods reduced the bond strength between denture tooth and microwave-cured acrylic resin denture base.

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