Tengkawang cultivation model in community forest using agroforestry systems in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Mulyastuti Y, Rahayu SI, Sunarno S, Santoso S, Wasito EB. 2017. Short Communication: Investigation of Diphtheria in Indonesia: dtxR and tox genes analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae collected from outbreaks. Biodiversitas 18: 784-787. Diphtheria outbreaks have sporadically occurred in Indonesia recently. It is suspected that toxin profile changes play an important role in vaccine efficacy and the occurrence of outbreaks. This study aimed to investigate the genetic changes of dtxR and tox genes in Corynebacterium diphtheria in Indonesia. Four C. diphtheriae toxigenic isolates circulating in current outbreak area were analyzed by comparing DNA sequences of their dtxR and tox genes to those of the PW8 vaccine strain. Among the four isolates, three point mutations were detected in dtxR gene while three other point mutations were detected in the tox gene. All six were silent mutations, suggesting that the diphtheria toxin is highly conserved at the amino acid sequence level, and indirectly indicating that the vaccine remains appropriate. Genetic variation in dtxR and tox genes of C. diphtheriae isolates from the recent outbreaks in Indonesia was detected.

Estimation of Above Ground Biomass and carbon stocks of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea stands in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia

“…This means that the age of a stand also influences the biomass and the amount of carbon stored in a stand (Lukito and Rohmatiah 2013). The graphs presented in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 are in line with Kristiningrum et al (2019), Winarni et al (2017) and Dinga (2014) in which the growth of T. grandis and G. arborea exhibited certain characteristics, as follow: CAI curve rapidly reached the peak and from there declined immediately, whereas the MAI curve climbed and declined slowly. However, the potential growth of teak stands was better than that of gmelina stands.…”

Simulating Agroforestry Adoption in Rural Indonesia: The Potential of Trees on Farms for Livelihoods and Environment

“…20 labor days per person are assumed as input for illipe nuts processing. Whereas for rice a yield function following Jepsen et al ( 2006) is used, annual outputs for rubber and illipe rubber system follow Winarni et al (2017) and Wulan et al (2006) [62,88,89]. Furthermore, rice is assumed to provide 1650 kcal per kg.…”

“…Müll.Arg.) trees [62]. Whereas rubber plants are widely established in the area, cultivation of illipe nut trees in these agroforestry systems poses a noteworthy addition to the local agricultural systems in West Kalimantan [63,64].…”

“…Whereas rubber plants are widely established in the area, cultivation of illipe nut trees in these agroforestry systems poses a noteworthy addition to the local agricultural systems in West Kalimantan [63,64]. The tengkawang tree (Shorea stenoptera) of the Dipterocarpaceae family, which the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed as near threatened and which occurs naturally in that area, offers the potential to generate cash income (selling raw nuts or oil extracted from them) and provides various ecosystems services such as biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration [62,65]. Additionally, the high forest canopy cover connects forest habitats and thereby enables movement of local flagship species such as the orangutan [66][67][68].…”

The outbreak of diphtheria in Indonesia

“…Until January 2018 ORI program and diphtheria prevention campaigns have been implemented, and vaccination coverage is continuously improved. [13]. However, all sectors both the government and public health professionals should work and cooperate with each other to solve the problem as well as to increase the knowledge of the community particularly the public figures and religious groups about the diphtheria disease to deal with the barriers of vaccination.…”