The outbreak of diphtheria in Indonesia

Tosepu, Ramadhan; Gunawan, Joko; Effendy, Devi Savitri; Ahmad, La Ode Ali Imran; Farzan, Amrin

doi:10.11604/pamj.2018.31.249.16629

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…[3][4][5]11,[18][19][20][21][22] Diphtheria reappeared in Indonesia in 2005, and the incidence peaked in 2011-2012; however, the high number of diphtheria cases has not been satisfactorily resolved. 8,10,23 The largest diphtheria outbreak occurred in Russia between 1990 and 1998 and involved at least 150,000 patients, most of whom were adults. The outbreak was stopped by by mass immunization, which was supported by many developed countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a three-dose diphtheria outbreak response immunization in East Java, Indonesia, 6 months after completion

Husada

Puspitasari

Kartina

et al. 2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Several outbreaks of diphtheria have occured in the East Java Province of Indonesia since 2011. The last effort to stop the outbreak in the province was a three round outbreak response immunization (ORI) in 2018.The aim of the this study was to evaluate the impact of the 2018 ORI in East Java province – 6 months following the completion of the program. Surveillance data was collected for 6 month period, from January to June 2019. The source of data was the district health offices, hospitals, community health centers, and private physician and paramedic practices. The data included demographic characteristics, involved health facilities, patient immunization history, clinical signs and symptoms, some laboratory test results and other additional examinations. All cases were evaluated by the East Java Provincial Diphtheria Expert Committee and not based on the individual physician decision. During the 6 month period, there were 97 diphtheria cases which approved by the Diphtheria Expert Committee. The reports came from 36 of 38 districts. One patient died, denoting a case fatality rate of 1%. The majority were 19 years of age or less, with uncomplete immunization. Patients above 19 years were 24%. Compared with 2017 (438 cases) and 2018 (310), 2019 saw a significant reduction in the number of reported cases. Only 4 positive culture results were collected (positivity rate 4,13%). Two patients had Mitis subtype and the other two had Gravis subtype. Diphtheria ORI in East Java had a significant impact during the first 6 months of 2019.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a three-dose diphtheria outbreak response immunization in East Java, Indonesia, 6 months after completion

Husada

Puspitasari

Kartina

et al. 2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…In 2017, a diphtheria outbreak occurred in Jakarta, Indonesia. 8,9 Our hospital was appointed as a referral hospital where patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms were examined for case findings of suspected diphtheria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triage in the Time of Diphtheria

Habib

Kurniawaty

2020

WestJEM

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“…The rationale for this recommendation is based on observation of diphtheria immunity waning after the primary diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination during the first year of life. Indeed, the most recent outbreaks of diphtheria are thought to have arisen where coverage of diphtheria-containing booster vaccines was low, as suspected for the 2017 outbreak in Indonesia where outbreaks are thought to be associated with immunity gaps in some areas [34]. For example, India, Nepal, and Indonesia have reported 96-99% of the diphtheria cases in Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2017 [35].…”

Section: Maternal Td Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal immunization: trends in South and Southeast Asian countries

Kamath

Kukreja

Mukherjee

et al. 2021

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

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Maternal immunization has the potential to reduce neonatal deaths caused by vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus from many countries illustrates the potential benefits of maternal immunization as a strategy to decrease neonatal mortality caused by vaccine-preventable infections. Many countries in South and Southeast Asia have high cases of neonatal deaths, which were historically attributed to vaccine-preventable infections. Still, these countries vary in recommendations regarding immunization of pregnant women. We reviewed the current recommendations for the use of tetanus toxoid, tetanus-diphtheria, or tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines for immunization of pregnant women. In addition to protection against tetanus and diphtheria, administration of the Tdap vaccine to pregnant women could help protect neonates against pertussis until they can receive the first two vaccine doses of their primary course. Vaccination against seasonal influenza is also recommended in many countries worldwide for pregnant women as influenza can pose health risks for the mother-fetus unit and the infant. Despite the recognized benefit of influenza vaccination for pregnant women, only some South and Southeast Asian countries have implemented its recommendation. The success of maternal tetanus vaccination has kindled the interest in vaccines that can be safely administered during pregnancy. Future availability of vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus and group B streptococcus, for use in pregnant women, could help prevent neonatal infections, especially in regions where diseases are less controlled. Communicating the body of evidence that supports maternal immunization to obstetricians is key for achieving optimal vaccination coverage to ensure protection of neonates. The current review aims to create awareness about the existing and potential benefits of maternal immunization in South and Southeast Asia.

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The outbreak of diphtheria in Indonesia

Abstract: Diptheria is commonly caused by the aerobic gram-positive bacteria, corynebacterium diphtheria . We herein report an unusual case of diphtheria outbreak in Indonesia in 2017 and its possible causes and current management.

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Impact of a three-dose diphtheria outbreak response immunization in East Java, Indonesia, 6 months after completion

Impact of a three-dose diphtheria outbreak response immunization in East Java, Indonesia, 6 months after completion

Triage in the Time of Diphtheria

Maternal immunization: trends in South and Southeast Asian countries

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