TEMPO-Oxidized Nanofibrillated Cellulose as a High Density Carrier for Bioactive Molecules

Abstract

Controlled and efficient immobilization of specific biomolecules is a key technology to introduce new, favorable functions to materials suitable for biomedical applications. Here, we describe an innovative and efficient, two-step methodology for the stable immobilization of various biomolecules, including small peptides and enzymes onto TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TO-NFC). The introduction of carboxylate groups to NFC by TEMPO oxidation provided a high surface density of negative charges able to drive the adsorption of biomolecules and take part in covalent cross-linking reactions with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDAC) and glutaraldehyde (Ga) chemistry. Up to 0.27 μmol of different biomolecules per mg of TO-NFC could be reversibly immobilized by electrostatic interaction. An additional chemical cross-linking step prevented desorption of more than 80% of these molecules. Using the cysteine-protease papain as model, a highly active papain-TO-NFC conjugate was achieved. Once papain was immobilized, 40% of the initial enzymatic activity was retained, with an increase in kcat from 213 to >700 s(-1) for the covalently immobilized enzymes. The methodology presented in this work expands the range of application for TO-NFC in the biomedical field by enabling well-defined hybrid biomaterials with a high density of functionalization.

Cellulose Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Food, and Nutraceutical Applications: A Review

“…Used the cystein-protease papain as a model, a highly active papin-TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose conjugate was achieved, it is healthy utilized in the biomedical field by enabling well defined hybrid biomaterials with a high density of fictionalization. [42] Chitosan nanoparticles/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite were Table 4. Salient features of various cellulose nanomaterials in different bioactive molecules and drug delivery applications.…”

“…Good mechanical properties and biocompatibility Inert material for the neural repair Induce the adhesion and guiding extension of neurons [41] Peptides and enzymes onto TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose TEMPO mediated oxidation method Improvement achieved in fictionalization of TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose with protein and peptides [42] Repaglinide encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles/ cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites…”

“…Small peptides and enzymes onto TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose were prepared for high density carrier of bioactive molecules. Used the cystein‐protease papain as a model, a highly active papin‐TEMPO oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose conjugate was achieved, it is healthy utilized in the biomedical field by enabling well defined hybrid biomaterials with a high density of fictionalization . Chitosan nanoparticles/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite were developed for controlled drug delivery system of anti‐hyperglycemic drug Repaglinide via ionic gelation and it is shown high drug encapsulation efficiency …”

Evaluation of Acetaminophen Release from Biodegradable Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) and Nanocellulose Films Using a Multiphase Release Mechanism

“…The final nanofibrillated material has distinctive dimensions that range between 3 and 50 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length [6,8,[11][12][13][14]. Carboxyl groups can be introduced during the NFC's processing into the cellulosic backbone to improve delamination of the nanofibrils through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation [11][12][13]15]. The TEMPO radical is a free radical that selectively oxidizes the primary alcohol group of polysaccharides in the presence of NaBr/NaClO [11,13,15].…”

Surface stiffening and enhanced photoluminescence of ion implanted cellulose – polyvinyl alcohol – silica composite

“…The surface modification techniques like adsorption of biomolecules, coating, etching, implantation and irra-diation are being used to improve the surface properties (Goddard & Hotchkiss, 2007). Weishaupt et al (2015) have modified the surface of the nanofibrillated surface with TEMPO to improve the surface negative charge which further aids the immobilization of biomolecules to the surface, in addition it assisted the covalent crosslinking with EDC and glutaraldehyde. A recent survey on sur-face modification for stent application reveals that, the materials which possess the necessary bulk properties should be modified on its surface, i.e., very thin superficial layer without any distur-bance to the bulk.…”