Temperature effect on proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells from turkeys with different growth rates

Abstract

Poultry selected for growth have an inefficient thermoregulatory system and are more sensitive to temperature extremes. Satellite cells are precursors to skeletal muscle and mediate all posthatch muscle growth. Their physiological functions are affected by temperature. The objective of the current study was to determine how temperature affects satellite cells isolated from the pectoralis major (p. major) muscle (breast muscle) of turkeys selected for increased 16 wk body weight (F line) in comparison to a randombred control line (RBC2) from which the F line originated. Pectoralis major muscle satellite cells were thermally challenged by culturing between 33°C and 43°C to analyze the effects of cold and heat on proliferation and differentiation as compared to control temperature of 38°C. Expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors: myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MYOD1) and myogenin (MYOG) were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). At all sampling times, proliferation increased at a linear rate across temperature in both the RBC2 and F lines. Differentiation also increased at a linear rate across temperature from 33 to 41°C at all sampling times in both the F and RBC2 lines. Satellite cells isolated from F line turkeys were more sensitive to both hot and cold temperatures as proliferation and differentiation increased to a greater extent across temperature (33 to 43°C) when compared with the RBC2 line. Expression of MYOD1 and MYOG increased as temperatures increased from 33 to 41°C at all sampling times in both the F and RBC2 lines. These results demonstrate that satellite cell function is sensitive to both cold and hot temperatures and p. major muscle satellite cells from F line turkeys are more sensitive to temperature extremes than RBC2 satellite cells.

Response of Turkey Muscle Satellite Cells to Thermal Challenge. II. Transcriptome Effects in Differentiating Cells

“…In the heat-treated cells (43°C), MYOG was slightly downregulated (Log 2 FC = −1.11 and −1.06). This result is counter to a previous study using the same dissociated cell culture system that found increased MYOG expression, as measured by qPCR, in cells incubated at temperatures above 38°C (Clark et al, 2016a ). However, expression of MYOG in that study was conducted after 72 h of differentiation as opposed to 48 h as in the present study.…”

“…However, expression of MYOG in that study was conducted after 72 h of differentiation as opposed to 48 h as in the present study. Satellite cells from both the RBC2 and F lines differentiate faster and produce larger myotubes at higher temperatures with slower growth at lower temperatures (Clark et al, 2016a ). This is consistent with the RNAseq results in that many muscle-associated genes were among the genes with the greatest down regulation in cold-treated cells (33°C).…”

“…As satellite cells are the only posthatch myonuclear source, they may directly modify skeletal muscle growth if functionally altered by temperature. Clark et al ( 2016a ) demonstrated in vitro that turkey satellite cell function is sensitive to both hot and cold temperatures with expression of key myogenic regulatory factors (myogenic differentiation factor, MYOD1 and myogenin, MYOG ) increasing with temperature. In addition, proliferation of satellite cells from growth-selected turkeys was increased compared to that of cells from a non-selected line when incubated at higher temperatures.…”

Response of turkey muscle satellite cells to thermal challenge. I. transcriptome effects in proliferating cells

“…Temperature can alter satellite cell proliferation, differentiation and ultimately cell fate [57–60], which can impact skeletal muscle growth and meat quality [58, 61]. Immature poults have an inefficient thermoregulatory system and are sensitive to extreme temperatures.…”

Timing Is Everything—The High Sensitivity of Avian Satellite Cells to Thermal Conditions During Embryonic and Posthatch Periods

“…Detailed studies on cultured SCs from broilers (Harding et al, 2015(Harding et al, , 2016 and turkeys (Clark et al, 2016(Clark et al, , 2017 revealed that the pectoralis muscle, in particular, is highly sensitive to temperature changes. Yet, a decline in SCs did not result from increased apoptosis in either cultured cells (Harding et al, 2015) or the treated chicks (Patael et al, 2019).…”