Temperature‐controlled liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of diazinon and fenitrothion in water and fruit juice samples

Abstract

A simple, environmentally benign, and rapid method based on temperature-controlled liquid-liquid microextraction using a deep eutectic solvent was developed for the simultaneous extraction/preconcentration of diazinon and fenitrothion. The method involved the addition of deep eutectic solvent to the aqueous sample followed by heating the mixture in a 75°C water bath until the solvent was completely dissolved in the aqueous phase. Then, the resultant solution was cooled in an ice bath and a cloudy solution was formed. Afterward, the mixture was centrifuged and the enriched deep eutectic solvent phase was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for quantification of the analytes. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the limits of detection for diazinon and fenitrothion were 0.3 and 0.15 μg/L, respectively. The calibration curves for diazinon and fenitrothion exhibited linearity in the concentration range of 1-100 and 0.5-100 μg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations for five replicate measurements at 10.0 μg/L level of analytes were less than 2.8 and 4.5% for intra- and interday assays, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of diazinon and fenitrothion in water and fruit juice samples.

Microfunnel‐filter‐based emulsification microextraction followed by gas chromatography for simple determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples

“…Comparison between the proposed method and some other reported techniques for determination of diazinon, malathion, and chlorpyrifos was performed, and the results obtained are provided in Table .…”

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

“…[60] As can be seen in the table, hydrophilic DESs have been used with very good performances for the preconcentration and extraction of an extensive diversity of analytes, including both organic compounds (i.e., antioxidants [25], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [65], pesticides [53][54][55][56], amino acids [24], phenolic compounds and caffeine [10,35,38,52,60], flavonoids [29,32], anthocyanins [31,34,58], mycotoxins [33,37], aflatoxins [39], sex hormones [36], antibiotics [41], preservatives [67], organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) [44,57], curcumin [22,25,40,45], polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) [43], and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) [43,72]) and metals (Cd, Zn, As, Sb, Fe, Cu, Se, Mn, Pb, Cr, Co, Hg and Al [11][12][13][14][15]23,[26][27][28]42,[46][47]…”

“…Among them, the speed, simplicity and low-cost of DLLME has made it the most widely used, allowing the preconcentration of different analytes in a wide variety of food matrices. It is important to highlight that in most cases, the hydrophilic DESs have been dispersed through various physical processes (manual agitation [53], ultrasound [14,30,38,39,44,46,47,50,51,[61][62][63]70,73] or vortex stirring [12,13,22,33,40,43,45,48,49,52,59,63,69], temperature change [57], or air bubbled when pulling-pushing a syringe [42,55,64,71]), using few microliters of the extraction solvent and without the need for organic solvents. Additionally, some applications in which the drop obtained after the extraction stage has been solidified can be found [48,68], which allows the recovery of the complete drop and makes the procedure simpler, safer and faster [73].…”

“…After the application of the DESs as extraction solvents in the above-mentioned procedures, analytes have generally been determined by HPLC or ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) using different detection systems, such as UV [21,[29][30][31][32]44,52,57,70,73], diode array detector (DAD) [10,25,35,36,59,67], FD [37,39,60,65], tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) [33], as a result of their appropriate solubility in the mobile phase, or ICP-MS, this last for free seleno-amino acids determination [24]. However, they have also been separated and detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometry [14,22,38,40,45], atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [11,23,47,68], slotted quartz tube-flame AAS [48,49], hydride generation AAS [12], graphite furnace AAS [15,26,42], ETAAS [13,27,46,50,51,71] and ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (OES) [28].…”

Simultaneous determination of five organophosphorus pesticide residues in different food samples by solid‐phase microextraction fibers coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography

“…Among these OPPs, quinalphos, triazophos, parathion, fenthion and chlorpyrifos‐methyl are the five most commonly used . Usually, the methods for the determination of the OPPs in food include gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis . These methods can rapidly and accurately detect the OPPs.…”