Techniques for general anesthesia in miniature pigs

Hypoxaemia following suspected intubation of the tracheal bronchus of a pig

“…Capnography enabling measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide concentration is often used as a surrogate measure for PaCO 2 . 30 In this case the oxygen flow to the patient and so FiO 2 was high, and the pig's RR and effort were increased, and so inadequate ventilatory effort or drive was deemed an unlikely cause of the hypoxaemia. Alteration in respiratory effort due to obstruction of the upper airways was deemed  of  unlikely due to subjectively normal changes in the volume of gas contained within the rebreathing bag with each ventilatory effort and the absence of paradoxical thoracic and abdominal movements during ventilation, accompanied by a normal appearance to the capnograph trace.…”

“…Upon identification of hypoxaemia, evaluation of RR, effort and depth may subjectively enable the practitioner to identify hypoventilation. Capnography enabling measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide concentration is often used as a surrogate measure for PaCO 2 30 . In this case the oxygen flow to the patient and so FiO 2 was high, and the pig's RR and effort were increased, and so inadequate ventilatory effort or drive was deemed an unlikely cause of the hypoxaemia.…”

“…Alteration in respiratory effort due to obstruction of the upper airways was deemed  of  unlikely due to subjectively normal changes in the volume of gas contained within the rebreathing bag with each ventilatory effort and the absence of paradoxical thoracic and abdominal movements during ventilation, accompanied by a normal appearance to the capnograph trace. Estimation of tidal volume in adequately mechanically ventilated miniature pigs was not possible based upon chest movement, 30 and in human subjects, tidal volume estimation based upon rebreathing bag movement was also inaccurate, with a tendency towards over estimation, 31 and so clinical observations in such cases should be supplemented with objective monitoring techniques. ETCO 2 was close to normal range of 35-45 mmHg (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), however, it should be noted that ETCO 2 may be falsely low in the case of excessive physiological dead space ventilation 32 during high frequency , shallow spontaneous ventilation, and so IPPV was initiated to minimise physiological dead space ventilation in order to maximise alveolar ventilation.…”

Training Model in Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery - Laparoscopic Cure of Bladder Injuries in Pig Animal Models

“…Their anesthesia raises some specific problems conerning: routes of venous access, blood pressure monitoring, difficulties related to superior airway instrumentation and that of the occurrence of malignant stress hyperthermia or administration of certain substances [5]. Premedication: ketamine 10 mg/kg mi + diazepam 0.4 mg/kg mi + atropine 0.03 mg/kg mi, mask induction with isoflurane in 100% oxygen followed by maintaining the pivotal isoflurane anesthesia (1-1.7%) analgesia was ensured by injection fentanyl (8 mcg/kg/h) [6] (Fig. 2).…”

General Handling and Anesthesia for Experimental Surgery in Pigs

“…Buprenorphine is preferred because of the long time of effective analgesia (need for application two to three times per day) and a 1 After premedication using ketamine 10 mg/kg, atropine 0.03 mg/kg, and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg, induction of anesthesia is performed with isoflurane in oxygen and the animals orotracheally intubated. Then, general anesthesia is maintained by isoflurane (1-1.7%) in 50% oxygen supplemented by continuous application of fentanyl 8 g/kg/h and midazolam 0.5 mg/kg/h [19]. 2 Sedation is conducted by an intramuscular dosage of 20 mg/kg ketamine and 1.5 mg/kg xylazine.…”