“…Despite the expansion of the literature on MMR pedagogy, there remains a need for continuous efforts to provide empirical evidence on MMR course design, implementation, and evaluation (e.g., Frels et al, 2014; Hou, 2021; Onwuegbuzie et al, 2011; Zhou, 2023). Additionally, given the complex nature of MMR pedagogy, its exploration necessitates the use of socio-ecological frameworks, which in turn require a thorough comprehension of research processes, contents, contexts, and the interactions of these elements (Ivankova & Plano Clark, 2018).…”