Tea tree oil exhibits antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea by affecting mitochondria

Cai

et al. 2019

Plants

Pinocembroside (PiCB) isolated from Ficus hirta Vahl. fruit was studied herein with the aim to find the potential mechanism for significant inhibition of growth of Penicillium digitatum, a causative pathogen of citrus green mold disease. PiCB substantially inhibited mycelial growth of P. digitatum, with the observed half maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 120.3, 200, and 400 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, PiCB altered hyphal morphology and cellular morphology by breaking and shrinking of mycelia, decomposing cell walls, cytoplasmic inclusions. In addition to, a non-targeted metabolomics analysis by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS was also performed, which revealed that PiCB treatment notably disrupted the metabolisms of amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, TCA, and ribonucleic acids, thereby contributing to membrane peroxidation. Current findings provide a new perception into the antifungal mechanism of PiCB treatment in inhibiting P. digitatum growth through membrane peroxidation.

Section: Effect Of Picb On Ultrastructure Of P Digitatum Cellssupporting

confidence: 90%

UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Approach Reveals the Antifungal Potential of Pinocembroside against Citrus Green Mold Phytopathogen

Cai

et al. 2019

Plants

“…Essential oils cause mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing the activities of TCA-related enzymes, causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ultimately resulting in cell apoptosis (Tian et al, 2012; Zheng et al, 2015). Li et al (2017) revealed that TTO severely damaged mitochondria of B. cinerea , resulting in matrix loss and increased mitochondrial irregularity. H 2 O 2 , an important ROS, can cause membrane lipid peroxidation and generation of protein carbonyl groups (Singh et al, 2015; Wang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Analysis and Mode of Action of Metabolites of Tea Tree Oil Involved in the Suppression of Botrytis cinerea

Shao

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

Self Cite

Tea tree oil (TTO), a volatile essential oil, has been widely used as an antimicrobial agent. However, the mechanism underlying TTO antifungal activity is not fully understood. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomics survey was undertaken to identify changes in metabolite production in Botrytis cinerea cells treated with TTO. Significant differences in 91 metabolites were observed, including 8 upregulated and 83 downregulated metabolites in TTO-treated cells. The results indicate that TTO inhibits primary metabolic pathways through the suppression of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Further experiments show that TTO treatment decreases the activities of key enzymes in the TCA cycle and increases the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Membrane damage is also induced by TTO treatment. We hypothesize that the effect of TTO on B. cinerea is achieved mainly by disruption of the TCA cycle and fatty acid metabolism, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

“…When interacting with cells, EOs can damage the cytoplasmic membrane by causing leakage of intracellular substances, thereby resulting in cell death [18]. Reports have indicated an effect of EOs on a decrease of energy acquisition following the sabotage of fungal mitochondria by enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [19,20]. Indeed, these findings are in line with some action modes of commercial antibiotics [21].…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Other molecular functions of up regulated DEPs were diverse and beyond the list ( Figure S3). For biological processes, the 135 down regulated DEPs mainly enriched the organonitrogen compound metabolic process (26,19.26%), cellular biosynthetic process (25,18.52%), organic substance biosynthetic process (25,18.52%) and organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process (20, 14.82%). Other biological processes enriched with the down regulated DEPs included translation, ribosome biogenesis and rRNA processing.…”

Section: Go Annotation Analysis Of the Depsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cuminal Inhibits Trichothecium roseum Growth by Triggering Cell Starvation: Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis

Zhang

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

Trichothecium roseum is a harmful postharvest fungus causing serious damage, together with the secretion of insidious mycotoxins, on apples, melons, and other important fruits. Cuminal, a predominant component of Cuminum cyminum essential oil has proven to successfully inhibit the growth of T. roseum in vitro and in vivo. Electron microscopic observations revealed cuminal exposure impaired the fungal morphology and ultrastructure, particularly the plasmalemma. Transcriptome and proteome analysis was used to investigate the responses of T. roseum to exposure of cuminal. In total, 2825 differentially expressed transcripts (1516 up and 1309 down) and 225 differentially expressed proteins (90 up and 135 down) were determined. Overall, notable parts of these differentially expressed genes functionally belong to subcellular localities of the membrane system and cytosol, along with ribosomes, mitochondria and peroxisomes. According to the localization analysis and the biological annotation of these genes, carbohydrate and lipids metabolism, redox homeostasis, and asexual reproduction were among the most enriched gene ontology (GO) terms. Biological pathway enrichment analysis showed that lipids and amino acid degradation, ATP-binding cassette transporters, membrane reconstitution, mRNA surveillance pathway and peroxisome were elevated, whereas secondary metabolite biosynthesis, cell cycle, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were down regulated. Further integrated omics analysis showed that cuminal exposure first impaired the polarity of the cytoplasmic membrane and then triggered the reconstitution and dysfunction of fungal plasmalemma, resulting in handicapped nutrient procurement of the cells. Consequently, fungal cells showed starvation stress with limited carbohydrate metabolism, resulting a metabolic shift to catabolism of the cell's own components in response to the stress. Additionally, these predicaments brought about oxidative stress, which, in collaboration with the starvation, damaged certain critical organelles such as mitochondria. Such degeneration, accompanied by energy deficiency, suppressed the biosynthesis of essential proteins and inhibited fungal growth.fungicides to be used for postharvest treatment, reduced efficacy due to the emergence of pathogen resistance to these chemicals, and the growing public concerns over chemical residues in food and the environment have necessitated the seeking of alternative solutions to control the fungal spoilage and to guarantee food safety and consumer health [8].Essential oils (EOs), generally recognized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration [9], are natural substances with established antimicrobial activities [10,11] and are a candidate instrument for controlling postharvest disease [12,13]. Nonetheless, this candidacy is compromised by the expensiveness of these natural substances due to their generally low yields. However, exploring their mode of actions is valuable to the development of novel alternatives.The multicomponent EOs attribute their mode of act...