Systemic immune responses in sheep, induced by a novel nano-bead adjuvant

Selection of Adjuvants for Enhanced Vaccine Potency

“…Th2 differentiation in mouse dendritic cells (DCs) was apparently directed by the specific secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 and lack of IL-12 secretion (IL-12 directs differentiation of CD4 T cells to Th1 cells) [29]. The Th2-response of alum is not purely a particulate-related consequence, as incubation of conjugated ovulbumin to polystyrene beads (48 nm) induced substantial Th1 responses with moderate Th2 responses in sheeps [35]. Generally, the Th2 effect is dependent on the amount and type of aluminum salts used in the formulation [29].…”

“…Various polymers have been demonstrated to have such properties, such as polylactic acid (PLA), poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) [206,207], chitosan [208][209][210][211] or modified chitosan [207], poly(-glutamic acid) (-PGA) [212,213], polypeptides [204], starch [214,215], polystyrene [35,205], polyphosphazene [216], poly (prolylene sulfide) [217], polyethylene glycol [218], alginate [219], and their copolymers [220,221]. They enhance immunogenicity through several mechanisms, including enhancement of antigen uptake by dendritic cells (in vitro) [212], maturation of dendritic cells [212], promotion of proliferation of antigen-specific T cells [212], stimulation of both B and T lymphocytes [208], facilitation of activation of dendritic cells [222], viscosity-induced retention of antigens in the vaccination site [210] and controlled release of antigen by particles [223,224].…”

Ultrasonic synthetic technique to manufacture a pHEMA nanopolymeric-based vaccine against the H6N2 avian influenza virus: a preliminary investigation

“…Recent studies have shown that the size of the nanoparticles being used as the DNA delivery platforms can have a significant effect on the DNA vaccine efficacy. 5,18,25,43 The use of particular delivery platforms as a novel method of delivering a payload of proteins and/or plasmid DNA immunogens to induce a positive immune response is a research area that is currently receiving a great deal of interest. The characteristics of both micro-and nanosized particles can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the delivery system.…”

“…18 Conventional chemical adjuvants such as bupivacaine 19 or Marcaine ® (Hospira, Inc, Lake Forest, IL), ubenimex, 20 monophosphoryl lipid A, 21 QS-21 saponin, 22 and levamisole 23 have been investigated successfully. These adjuvants were able to facilitate a positive immune response to the DNA vaccines being tested.…”

“…24 Since then, inert nanoparticles have also been able to induce strong immune responses to protein and peptide antigens in mice, 25,26 sheep, 18 pigs, 27 and cattle. 27 In addition, both metals and inorganic nanomaterials have been used in similar biomedical applications.…”