Systemic exposure to parabens: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration

Aubert, Nicolas; Ameller, Thibault; Legrand, Jean-Jacques

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.045

Cited by 126 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Paraben groups: males pups of dams injected orally (BPOi) or subcutaneously (BPSc) with butyl paraben (200 mg/kg body weight/day) [25,26] from the first day of gestation until day 21 of lactation. The selected dose dissolved in 1% Tween 80 and each animal received 0.25 ml/100 g b.w.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers: Evidence of parallels between butyl paraben intoxication and the valproic acid brain physiopathology in autism rat model

2015

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Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pups of VA-injected dams represented the autistic-like group [24]. Butyl paraben (BP, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in Tween 80 and orally administered at 200 mg BP/kg body weight/day [25] or subcutaneously at 200 mg/kg body weight [26]. The pups of these females represented the two paraben groups.…”

Section: Animals and Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers: Evidence of parallels between butyl paraben intoxication and the valproic acid brain physiopathology in autism rat model

2015

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“…As a result of studies carried out by Aubert et al (2012) on Sprague-Dawley rats, it was concluded via oral, topical, and subcutaneous applications that methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben do not accumulate enough plasma to have damaging effects on mammalian organisms, that their absorption is quite good, and that they break up into completely harmless small metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxic and safety assessment of 2 parabens in somatic cells of in vivo Drosophila melanogaster

Ayar¹,

Uysal

2013

Turk J Biol

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IntroductionWith the advent of technology, issues such as the development of different production methods in the food sector, the increase in the variety of food products, the desire to consume seasonal foods in every season, and the increasing of the shelf life of food products have made it obligatory to use food additives (FAs) (Ertuğrul, 1998).Protective FAs are defined as chemical substances that protect food products from deterioration caused by various microorganisms, thus increasing their shelf lives (Parlak, 2007). To this end, many FAs are used frequently in the food industry. One of these food additive groups is the parabens. The term "paraben" is an abbreviation for para-hydroxybenzoic acid. Parabens are a family of alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid that differ at the para position of the benzene ring by various chemical substitutions (Sasseville, 2004). The chemical substitutions provide each paraben ester with a different solubility and spectrum of antimicrobial activity. As the alkyl chain length increases, water solubility decreases and oil solubility increases (Cashman and Warshaw, 2005) Parabens are a group of chemicals that are widely used as preserving additive substances in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries (Calafat et al., 2010). The most widely used parabens are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. Parabens are frequently used in bakery products (cakes, bread crust, fillers, etc.), drinks, fish products, aroma extracts, fruit products, gelatin, jam, gel, malt extracts, olives, pickles, salad sauces, syrups, and wine (Soni et al., 2002; CIR, 2008). Discussion regarding the safety of parabens has been going on for years within the scientific community. Many studies have put forth results stating that parabens are not toxic and that they can be used safely (Soni et al., 2005). However, with the detection of paraben traces in some breast tumors (Darbre et al., 2004) and various news items in the media regarding evidence that parabens are hazardous to human health, issues regarding the reliability of these substances have resurfaced.Today, it is now known whether many FAs including parabens have toxic effects or not and yet these substances continue to be used recklessly. One of the most widely used genotoxicity tests carried out on insects is the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) carried out with Drosophila (Demir et al., 2013). SMART enables the determination of the genetic results of various chromosome aberrations such as point mutation, deletion, translocation, somatic recombination, and chromosome loss or nondisjunction (Graf et al., 1984).

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“…18 Concerns over potential carcinogenic activity of parabens have been consistently ruled out in the various expert reviews cited above. Kinetic investigations on several parabens have been undertaken in rats, 16,19 and the results are summarized in the most recent SCCS review, as follows:…”

Section: Propylparabenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 4-week study undertaken by Oishi 7 provides data on the effects of PP resulting from exposure to PP at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1% and 1.0% in the diet of male juvenile rats (eight animals/group), commencing shortly after weaning when the animals weighed about 50 g and were aged 19-21 days (postnatal day (PND) [19][20][21]. The parameters examined were body weight, weights of the male sexual organs, sperm count in the cauda epididymis, sperm count in the testes and testosterone concentration in the blood serum.…”

Section: Pp As a Food Additivementioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory risk assessments

Snodin¹

2015

Hum Exp Toxicol

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A critical evaluation of several recent regulatory risk assessments has been undertaken. These relate to propyl paraben (as a food additive, cosmetic ingredient or pharmaceutical excipient), cobalt (in terms of a safety-based limit for pharmaceuticals) and the cancer Threshold of Toxicological Concern as applied to food contaminants and pharmaceutical impurities. In all cases, a number of concerns can be raised regarding the reliability of the current assessments, some examples being absence of data audits, use of single-dose and/or non-good laboratory practice studies to determine safety metrics, use of a biased data set and questionable methodology and lack of consistency with precedents and regulatory guidance. Drawing on these findings, a set of recommendations is provided to reduce uncertainty and improve the quality and robustness of future regulatory risk assessments.

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Systemic exposure to parabens: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration

Cited by 126 publications

References 32 publications

Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers: Evidence of parallels between butyl paraben intoxication and the valproic acid brain physiopathology in autism rat model

Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers: Evidence of parallels between butyl paraben intoxication and the valproic acid brain physiopathology in autism rat model

Genotoxic and safety assessment of 2 parabens in somatic cells of in vivo Drosophila melanogaster

Regulatory risk assessments

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