“…On the other hand, the high ZOI and low MIC and MBC by gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and S. typhimurium indicate their sensitivity to Rn-AgNPs because of the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that promote nanoparticles adhesion (Pal et al, 2007;Netala et al, 2014) and the presence of porins that facilitate Rn-AgNPs entrance (Chauhan et al, 2016;Rashid et al, 2017). Despite variation in phytochemical composition in line with our results, green synthesized nanoparticles using conspecific plant species (e.g., Rumex dantatus, Rumex hastatus, and Rumex scutatus) have been shown bactericidal action against various drug-resistant bacterial pathogens (Ahmed et al, 2016;Rashid et al, 2019;Mani et al, 2021;Unal et al, 2022). However, the antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs is a function of phytochemicals acting as reducing and stabilizing agents (Ovais et al, 2018), pH, temperature, test microorganisms, concentration and their size and shape (Raza et al, 2016;Tang and Zheng, 2018;Hu et al, 2022).…”