Systematic analysis on the obtaining of fibrinolytic fungi enzymes

Abstract

Fibrinolytic proteases operate directly on fibrin clot and are able to maintain blood flow. Fungi show up as viable sources for obtaining this enzyme. The purpose of this systematic review is to is to unveil all the information concerning production, purification and characterization of fibrinolytic proteases by fungi. The search was conducted in ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus databases, using as keywords “(Fibrinolytic enzyme) OR (Fibrinolytic protease) AND (Fungal or Fungus or Fungi)”. Delimiting period of 10 years (2011-2021). The results obtained were filtered by selection criteria, and review articles or articles outside the scope of this work were excluded. The articles were evaluated and scored (0-10) according to pre-established criteria. None of the studies obtained the score 10, however the study with the highest score (9) presented relevant data in all criteria analyzed, obtaining fibrinolytic enzyme from Xylaria curta. Among the 21 selected articles, 12 different genera appear and Submerged Fermentation and purification of Serino-proteases were more described. This work also observed a greater representation of purification and characterization steps, indicating the need for attention to cultivation process and enzymatic application. It is clear that the production of these enzymes by fungi is pertinent towards the high recovery observed even after purification and its tendency for pharmaceutical application.

Edible Mushrooms as Source of Fibrin(ogen)olytic Enzymes: Comparison between Four Cultivated Species

“…At 60 °C, the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity dramatically decreased to 15–25%. As reported by other authors the majority of fibrinolytic enzymes showed an optimal temperature between 35 °C and 50 °C [ 12 ]. In other studies, purified fibrinolytic enzymes from P. eryngii , P. ostreatus and A. aegerita exhibited maximum activity at 40, 45 and 47 °C, respectively [ 13 , 20 , 37 ], higher than the optimal temperature reported for L. edodes (30 °C) and Cordyceps militaris (37 °C) [ 17 , 21 ].…”

“…At pH 3–4, the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity ranged from 20 to 45%, while at pH 9 it was comprised between 50–70%, whereas at pH 10 the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity decreased to 30–40%. As already reported, the optimal pH for mushroom fibrinolytic enzymes is within a pH range of 4–9 [ 12 ], although, most of them have optimal pH between 7 and 7.6. In particular, the fibrinolytic enzyme ACase, isolated from the fruiting body of A. aegerita exhibited optimal fibrinolytic activity at pH 7.6 [ 13 ], whereas the optimal pH of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme from Pleurotus ostreatus was 7.4 [ 37 ] similar to that found for the proteolytic activity present in our crude extracts from the same mushrooms and for the fibrinolytic enzymes from Cordyceps militaris [ 17 ] and Armillaria mellea [ 15 ].…”

“…The need to have new fibrinolytic enzymes exhibiting low adverse effects, long half-life, high specificity for fibrin and low production cost, as adjuvants or alternatives to traditional drugs, has directed research towards the discovery of new natural sources. In recent years, many fibrinolytic enzymes have been discovered in mushrooms [ 12 ]. In the present study, four cultivated edible mushroom species ( Figure 1 ), namely Lentinula edodes (Berk.)…”

“…In this regard, several fibrinolytic enzymes from various sources such as fermented products, snake venom, marine species, plants, earthworms, microorganisms and insects have been discovered [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. In addition, fibrinolytic proteases were also discovered in the fruiting bodies and mycelia of many medicinal or edible mushrooms [ 12 ], including Agrocybe aegerita , Ganoderma lucidum , Armillaria mellea , Tricholoma saponaceum , Cordyceps militaris , Pleurotus ferulae , Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Mushrooms are edible fungi that possess excellent organoleptic properties, high nutritional value and many biological activities such as immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer and antioxidative [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Cultivation conditions and biochemical characterization of the proteolytic enzymes with fibrinolytic action obtained from mushrooms in the last ten years

“…These were analyzed in a short period of time and also from the direct extraction of the basidiome of the mushroom. According to Cardoso et al (2022), even if it involves chemical or physical agents, enzymatic characterization is able to affect the native state of the enzyme, yet when intended for the pharmaceutical industry, it is essential.…”