Synthetic Gem Materials and Simulants in the 1990s

Koivula, John I.; Tannous, Maha; Schmetzer, Karl

doi:10.5741/gems.36.4.360

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Because of the commercial value of beryl, a large number of synthetic samples is permanently present on the market (Koivula et al, 2000). The production of marketable synthetic beryls from hydrothermal growth techniques dates back to the end of 1980s, and the different stones' colourations are obtained using chromophoric dopants such as, for instance, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu (Koivula and Kammerling, 1988;Nassau, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gemmological investigation of a synthetic blue beryl: a multi-methodological study

Adamo¹,

Gatta²,

Rotiroti³

et al. 2008

Mineral. mag.

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A multi-methodological investigation of a synthetic Cu/Fe-bearing blue beryl [IV(Be2.86Cu0.14)∑=3.00VI(Al1.83Fe3+0.14Mn2+0.03Mg0.03)∑=2.03IV(Si5.97Al0.03∑=6.00O18.(Li0.12Na0.04.0.40H2O)] has been performed by means of gemmological standard testing, electron microprobe chemical analyses, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analyses, infrared spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction in order to determine the gemmological properties, crystal structure and crystal-chemistry of this material. The increasing production of marketable hydrothermal synthetic beryls with 'exotic' colours and the small number of studies on the accurate location of chromophores in the crystal structure inspired this multi-methodological investigation. The X-ray structural refinements confirm that the space group of the Cu/Fe-bearing blue beryl is P6/mcc, with unit-cell parameters: 9.2483 ≤ a ≤ 9.2502 Å and 9.2184 ≤ c ≤ 9.2211 Å. The analysis of the difference Fourier maps of the electron density suggests that Cu is located at the tetrahedral site (Wyckoff 6fposition) along with Be, whereas Fe shares the octahedral site with Al (4c position). No evidence of extra-framework Cu/Fe-sites (i.e. channel sites) has been found. The Li is probably located at the extra-framework 2b site. Infrared spectra show that the H2O molecules are present with two configurations: one with the H···H vector oriented ‖[0001] and the other with H···H vector oriented ⊥[0001].

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gemmological investigation of a synthetic blue beryl: a multi-methodological study

Adamo¹,

Gatta²,

Rotiroti³

et al. 2008

Mineral. mag.

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“…The Kyoto Opal has a slightly different composition than its natural counterpart. It lacks water, which is usually found in natural opal, and may contain some plastic or silica compounds used to cement the silica spheres instead of water [37]. Cultivated with a quartz-grain structure that is identical to naturally occurring opal, the Kyoto Opal has a unique aesthetic quality that cannot be duplicated with molded resin-based products.…”

Section: Artificial Opalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material design and structural color inspired by biomimetic approach

Saitô

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Generation of structural color is one of the essential functions realized by living organisms, and its industrial reproduction can result in numerous applications. From this viewpoint, the mechanisms, materials, analytical methods and fabrication technologies of the structural color are reviewed in this paper. In particular, the basic principles of natural photonic materials, the ideas developed from these principles, the directions of applications and practical industrial realizations are presented by summarizing the recent research results.

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“…Innovations in synthesis and treatment, and the application of existing technologies to new starting materials, led to a variety of new gem materials in the 1990s. Because there are articles in this issue that address synthetics and treatments in depth (Koivula et al, 2000;McClure and Smith, 2000), the discussion here will focus on synthesis and treatment technology rather than identification.…”

Section: New Technologies In Synthesis and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed in the "Synthetics" article in this issue (Koivula et al, 2000), Russia and China were important centers of gem synthesis during the decade (see, e.g., Schmetzer, 1990;Bukin, 1992;Thomas et al, 1997;Johnson and Koivula, 1998e;Tauson et al, 1998;Balitsky et al, 1998Balitsky et al, , 1999a; and synthetic diamond references cited below). At the VNIISIMS facility near Moscow in 1994, about 500 researchers were investigating synthetic gem materials, using equipment such as the furnaces shown in figure 4 (Koivula et al, 1994c).…”

Section: Colored Stone Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological Developments in the 1990s: Their Impact on Gemology

Johnson¹

2000

Gems & Gemology

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data within the laboratory (K. Cino, pers. comm., 1998; K. Scarratt, pers. comm., 2000). Within any business, computers can improve accounting and inventory practices (Golding, 1991), for which commercial software is available (see, e.g., Greig, 1999). The increase in computer power also led to smaller and less-expensive sophisticated instruments; for instance, both Sarasota Instruments (Osprey, Florida) and Adamas Gemological Laboratory (Brookline, Massachusetts) produced PC-based spectrophotometers (Kammerling et al., 1995c; Haske, 1999). P. Read and M. Haske produced new versions of gem identification software (Read, 1996). Computers also have redefined the expected speed of communications. For example, although Gems & Gemology remains a quarterly journal, information on its web site (www.gia.edu/gandg) changes almost weekly. As another instance, on GIA's home page, a forged letter in Thailand was recently disavowed

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Synthetic Gem Materials and Simulants in the 1990s

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Gemmological investigation of a synthetic blue beryl: a multi-methodological study

Gemmological investigation of a synthetic blue beryl: a multi-methodological study

Material design and structural color inspired by biomimetic approach

Technological Developments in the 1990s: Their Impact on Gemology

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