Technological Developments in the 1990s: Their Impact on Gemology

Johnson, Mary Lynn

doi:10.5741/gems.36.4.380

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…This has helped to secure better and more consistent results with faster turn around times. 29 For example: Digital X-radiography to differentiate cultured vs. natural pearls helped to speed up the time it took to develop the x-ray film. Various types of Spectroscopy namely Raman, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible) can more accurately pick up spectra.…”

Section: Gem Identification and Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperspectral imaging: gem identification and authentication

Gomez

2005

Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instruments and Applications II

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Through the centuries gem materials have been highly prized and sought after. The varieties of gem materials run into the hundreds if not thousands, characterized by a gamut of material classes running from organic to inorganic and from crystalline to amorphous. All consisting of numerous chemical compositions and characterized by various physical and optical properties. In addition, most gem materials have been subject to numerous modifications to enhance and imitate the most pleasing of esthetic qualities, e.g., dyeing, impregnation, heating, reconstruction, high pressure and temperature, irradiation, and diffusion. Of concern is the ability not only to identify the gem material in question, but if applicable, the treatment. Up until recent, the main instruments utilized to detect these have been simple but quite effective such as a binocular microscope, refractometer, hand spectroscope, dichroscope, and measuring of specific gravity. New gem materials and techniques involved in treatments have become increasingly sophisticated such as ultraviolet-visibleinfrared and Raman spectroscopy. In certain cases, some of the most recent techniques have become time consuming and expensive. Here is the opportunity to overview and utilize a powerful technology found in the field of remote sensing, i.e., Hyperspectral Imaging. This technology has been in effect for many years but only recently has it been used to focus on areas similar to the ones in this paper. In particular, hyperspectral imaging technology and its potential application to gem identification and authentication are covered in this paper.

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Section: Gem Identification and Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperspectral imaging: gem identification and authentication

Gomez

2005

Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Instruments and Applications II

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“…X-ray image techniques have been a promising newcomer since the 1990s [14] and have been widely applied to gemology, mainly in pearls and diamonds. Sunagawa et al [15] used X-ray diffraction with cathodoluminescence to determine whether two faceted diamonds were cut from the same rough.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gemstone Inclusion Study by 3D Raman-Mapping and High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography: The Case of Trapiche Emerald from Swat, Pakistan

Gao¹,

Li³

et al. 2022

Crystals

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Gemstones usually contain inclusions as the natural hallmark of their formation. Studies on inclusions may contribute to our understanding of the gem and better adapt to the gems and jewelry industry. In this study, we applied advanced 3D Raman mapping and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) and conducted a thorough experiment on one emerald with a special trapiche pattern containing a colorless core, solid minerals, and fluids. Hematite and magnetite were identified as metallic minerals by the Raman spectrum. The hexagonal core is beryl, and the voids are primarily filled with CO2 and N2. HRXCT demonstrated a visualized distribution of these inclusions within the gem host by reconstructing a 3D illustration. Further calculation of the volume of inclusions regarding the host showed that the minerals take up 0.07%, void 0.03%, and the hexagonal core 8.25%. The combined application of Raman-Mapping and X-ray Micro Computed Tomography proved to be a very promising technique for tracing the gemstones by characterizing the unique inclusions (identification and morphology) within the gem host.

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