“…These approaches rely on spontaneous or directed self-assembly and atoms to new nuclei that grow into NPs. , In particular, the bottom-up approach comprises chemical and electrochemical reduction, sonochemical and thermal decomposition, and cryo-chemical synthesis methods . Chemical reduction is the most common scheme used for synthesizing AgNPs among the described bottom-up approaches, wherein different organic and inorganic reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), , sodium citrate and ascorbate, Tollen’s reagent, N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF), and poly(ethylene glycol), block copolymers are used for the reduction of Ag + in aqueous (water) or nonaqueous (organic) solutions. , Additionally, some capping agents are also used to gain precise control over the size and shape of NPs. The chemical synthesis methods are facile, one-step, inexpensive, and give a high yield.…”