Synthesis of Rice Husk Derived Activated Mesoporous Carbon Immobilized Palladium Hybrid Nano‐Catalyst for Ligand‐Free Mizoroki‐Heck/Suzuki/Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions

Abstract

Chemically activated graphitic mesoporous carbon was synthesized from rice husk biomass and subsequently immobilized with palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). The physiochemical characteristics like composition, morphology, structure and textural properties of the rice husk derived activated carbon supported Pd NPs (nano‐Pd@RAGC) were analyzed by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Finally, the applications of hybrid nano‐Pd@RAGC material were investigated in useful carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions via Mizoroki‐Heck/Suzuki/Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions under ligand‐free, microwave conditions. The RAGC provides excellent stability to Pd NPs in cross coupling reactions. The catalyst was recovered simply by filtration and recycled for at least ten times.

Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Step towards Sustainable Future

“…Additionally, as green solvents, ethanol or water were used in all reactions. The nano-Pd@RAGC catalyst was also easily separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and was utilized for at least ten consecutive reactions [128]. The preparation of palladium deposited on the waste-derived pine needle biochar (PiNe) and the use of cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as a solvent produced from petrochemical waste that forms a heterogeneous aqueous azeotrope and boils at 83 °C as a heterocatalytic system was reported by Francesco Ferlin and colleagues (Figure 25).…”

“…Additionally, as green solvents, ethanol or water were used in all reactions. The nano-Pd@RAGC catalyst was also easily separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and was utilized for at least ten consecutive reactions [128]. absence of a ligand under microwave conditions, were investigated.…”

Recent Advances in Microwave‐assisted Cross‐Coupling Reactions

“…In 2019, Banerjee et al [83] reported a microwave-assisted Heck coupling reaction between aryl halide 13 and alkene 138 by using their synthesized rice husk-derived activated carbonsupported Pd NPs (nano-Pd@RAGC). Polar ethanol was the most efficient solvent for the reaction.…”

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Sustainable and Environmentally Benign Processes

“…In 2019, an activated mesoporous carbon was synthesized from a rice husk biomass by Banerjee and co-workers [166]. The carbon-based support was decorated with palladium nanoparticles by reducing PdCl 2 with NaBH 4 and the as-prepared biocatalyst, tested in the Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions in water or EtOH using microwave irradiation.…”