Synthesis of novel chemicals from cardanol as a product of cashew nutshell processing

Abstract

The conversion of the worldwide chemical production from fossil to sustainable resources is currently one of the most urgent tasks for the chemical industry. Based on this approach cardanol, a mixture of phenols with C15‐chains as substituents is produced in some countries of the tropical zone from the processing of cashew nutshells. The paper reports the specific transformation of the aromatic moiety in this cheap material, and thus, the development of a novel route to potential useful green bifunctional chemicals in gram scale. Accordingly, cardanol was converted successfully in three steps into hexane‐1,6‐diols. The evaluation of appropriate synthesis methods and suitable conditions for each of these reaction steps is presented as an essential topic of these investigations. The target compounds synthesized in the reaction sequence are potential building blocks for future biomass‐based chemicals and monomers for green polymeric materials, surfactants, and lubricants.

Progress in Bio‐Based Phenolic Foams: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

“…Cardanol has been used for the preparation of many chemicals as it contains three different functional groups [136,137]. Various reviews have been published in recent years summarizing the composition, production, modification, and applications of cardanol [133,138,139].…”

“…Having both aromatic and aliphatic characteristics makes it highly temperature-resistant, flexible, and hydrophobic. The synthesis of various chemicals from cardanol has been described in recent reviews [136,137,140].…”

Phthalonitrile-etherified cardanol-phenol-formaldehyde resin: synthesis, characterization and properties

“…Cardanol is a meta -substituted phenol mainly found in cashew nut shells in nature. The major countries producing cardanol are India, Brazil and Indonesia (Deutsch and Köckritz, 2020), with an annual output exceeding 1 million tons. Cardanol is extracted from the waste of natural plants, has low toxicity and is inexpensive and renewable (KALE', 1996; Kumar and Venkatesh Babu, 2020).…”

Insights into the ruthenium-catalysed selective reduction of cardanol derivatives via transfer hydrogenation: a density functional theory study

“…5 The current mechanistic study looks at the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a member of the oleochemical family. CNSL, as a sustainable feedstock, 6,7 has many applications, e.g., additive to commercial surfactants, brake linings, cement, laminating resins, paints, surface coatings, varnishes, [8][9][10][11][12] and in the field of nanotechnology, [13][14][15][16][17] in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, 18 and organic solar cells, 19 making it of broad interest within the context of a sustainable chemical economy. CNSL is a mixture of three phenolic compounds: anacardic acid, cardanol, and cardol, [20][21][22] where phenol in is each of these compounds is substituted by a 15-carbon chain, with one, two, or three double bonds separated by a methylene group.…”

“…5 The current mechanistic study looks at the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a member of the oleochemical family. CNSL, as a sustainable feedstock, 6,7 has many applications, e.g. , additive to commercial surfactants, brake linings, cement, laminating resins, paints, surface coatings, varnishes, 8–12 and in the field of nanotechnology, 13–17 in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, 18 and organic solar cells, 19 making it of broad interest within the context of a sustainable chemical economy.…”