Progress in Bio‐Based Phenolic Foams: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Sarika, P.R.; Nancarrow, Paul; Khansaheb, Abdulrahman; Ibrahim, Taleb H.

doi:10.1002/cben.202100017

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 193 publications

(214 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Out of these two choices, the foam produced with 3.0 wt% SDS (PF‐16) exhibited a lower density as compared to the other (PF‐13). A lower density is desirable for insulation or hydrophilic foams in terms of economics 22 . Thus, a phenolic foam (PF‐13) with the lowest density (39.27 kg/m 3 ), high water absorption capacity (1210%) and the highest open cell content (78.94%), was achieved by combining 6.0 wt% Tween‐80 and 3.0 wt% SDS.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lower density is desirable for insulation or hydrophilic foams in terms of economics. 22 Thus, a phenolic foam (PF-13) with the lowest density (39.27 kg/ m 3 ), high water absorption capacity (1210%) and the highest open cell content (78.94%), was achieved by that the anionic wetting agents, SDS and SDBS, are compatible with the resin and could induce the formation of open cells and thus improve the foam uniformity. 20,23 The FT-IR spectra of the PF resole resins and their resulting foams (both with and without wetting agent), are shown in Figure 6.…”

Section: Effects Of Wetting Agents and Surfactants On Pf Resin Foamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigating the hydrophilicity of phenol formaldehyde foams: Effects of synthesis parameters

DSouza,

Li,

Yuan

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Open‐cell phenol (P) formaldehyde (F) foams are used for various applications such as hydroponic seed germination, flower arrangements, and sound insulation. This study investigated the influence of various parameters such as F/P molar ratios, blowing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, polymeric and inorganic additives, and oxidizing agents on the hydrophilicity of PF foams. Experimental results indicate that an F/P ratio of 1.8 was ideal for producing phenolic foams with good foam structure, uniform pore distribution, and favorable mechanical properties. A mixture of pentane and hexane at a mass ratio of 1:3 (wt/wt) used as a blowing agent resulted in a foam with the lowest density. With the optimal foaming catalyst (p‐toluene sulfonic acid) at a loading of 28 wt%, the foam exhibited a low density and excellent mechanical properties. A phenolic foam with a low density (39.27 kg/m3), high water absorption capacity (1210 wt%) and high open cell content (78.94%), was achieved by combining 6 wt% Tween‐80 as the surfactant and 3 wt% sodium dodecyl sulfate as the wetting agent. Additionally, 6.5 wt% loading of H2O2 led to a slight decrease in the foam density (38.46 kg/m3), but with a remarkable improvement in the wetting characteristics (water absorption capacity—2404 wt% and nearly 100% open cell content of the produced foam.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Wetting Agents and Surfactants On Pf Resin Foamingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the hydrophilicity of phenol formaldehyde foams: Effects of synthesis parameters

DSouza,

Li,

Yuan

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Chemical modification of the PF matrix is achieved through partial or complete substitution of either phenol or formaldehyde reagents during resin preparation. Biomass-derived materials, such as Li, cardanol, and tannin, have been studied as phenol substitutes during the PF preparation . Through this modification method, long and flexible chains are introduced into the resin matrix, which can improve the mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Toughening Effects of Various Additives on Phenolic Foam

Sarika,

Nancarrow,

Ibrahim

2024

ACS Omega

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phenolic foams (PFs) are considered excellent insulation materials owing to their flame retardancy and low thermal conductivity. However, their mechanical properties often lag behind those of other polymeric insulation materials. To fully exploit their properties and broaden end-use applications, the mechanical properties of PFs must be enhanced. In this study, various modifications were introduced into the PF matrix with the aim of enhancing its properties. The toughening effects of four additives: urea (U), nano clay (NC), sodium silicate (SS), and lignin (Li) were studied and compared. Changes that occurred in the density, cell morphology, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and thermal stability after the addition of these fillers were analyzed. Both compressive strength and thermal stability increased with the inclusion of all additives, and the SS-toughened foam shows the biggest improvement. Li and NC addition resulted in a 34% improvement in compressive strength, while SS and U addition displayed increases of 52 and 11%, respectively. SStoughened PF shows greater improvements in all of the important properties compared with those of the other toughened foams. Several PFs were prepared by changing the SS concentration to optimize the formulation, which yielded improvements in properties. The effects of SS concentration on density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength were studied. The formulation with 0.37% sodium silicate concentration (PF-SS1) shows a 15% improvement in mechanical properties.

show abstract

“…Cellular plastics have been extensively applied in packaging, − transportation, − engineering, , and aircraft , due to their outstanding mechanical performance, shock absorption, thermal insulation, and low density. In particular, epoxy cellular plastics, , one of the most commonly used cellular plastics, have drawn considerable attention for their excellent mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Strength and Shape-Memory Epoxy Cellular Material with Wood-Like Architecture

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epoxy cellular plastics have been widely used in lightweight transportation vehicles and energy-efficient constructions due to their low density, excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. However, it remains a great challenge to develop a well-defined porous structure in conventional epoxy foam and thereby enhance their mechanical and thermal properties due to the competition between heating and thermosetting of epoxy resins during foaming processes. Herein, inspired by the structure of wood, we report a type of woodmimetic epoxy cellular plastic with well-aligned channels fabricated by a recently developed emulsion ice-templating technique. Despite a relatively low density (around 0.75 g/cm 3 ), the resulting epoxy cellular plastic achieves a high compressive strength (36.7 ± 3.4 MPa), which is 80% higher than that of the epoxy foam with similar density but prepared by conventional foaming processes. We further found that the as-prepared epoxy cellular plastic has a superior shape-recovery ratio (99.7%), which plays a key role in its adaptivity and reusability. In addition, ambient thawing was successfully utilized to replace the tedious freeze-drying process, making our fabrication method more favorable in both time and energy consumption. In addition, our research provides a feasible approach to prepare cellular materials with various biomimetic architectures and functions using a broad range of polymers.

show abstract

Progress in Bio‐Based Phenolic Foams: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Cited by 14 publications

References 193 publications

Investigating the hydrophilicity of phenol formaldehyde foams: Effects of synthesis parameters

Investigating the hydrophilicity of phenol formaldehyde foams: Effects of synthesis parameters

Comparison of Toughening Effects of Various Additives on Phenolic Foam

High-Strength and Shape-Memory Epoxy Cellular Material with Wood-Like Architecture

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About