Synthesis of natural rubber-g-maleic anhydride and its use as a compatibilizer in natural rubber/short nylon fiber composites

Dong, Zhixian; Jia, Demin; Zhou, Yunshan

doi:10.1007/s10118-013-1310-z

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Maximum elongation is the measure of how much a specimen stretches before it breaks . As expected, the incorporation of wood sawdust in the matrix has improved the tensile strength (Figure 5), due to the strong interaction between the natural rubber and filler which effectively has constrained the motion of polymer chains [29,30], due to the good adhesion of the filler in matrix and because of the agglomeration of filler particles [27,28]. Therefore, the surface reactivity which has determined the polymer–filler interaction, the aggregates, sizes and shapes of fillers and finally, the structural and filler particle dispersions in rubber had improved the modulus [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The Kraus theory and Kraus equation [25] have been successfully used by some researchers to assess the interfacial interaction in filler-reinforced rubber composites [26,27]. The Kraus equation is expressed as follows:

V_{r o} / V_{r f} = 1 - m \frac{f}{1 - f}

where, V ro and V rf are the volume fractions of the rubber in the vulcanized gum and in the filled swollen sample respectively, f is the volume fraction of filler and m the filler polymer interaction parameter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Wood Sawdust/Natural Rubber Ecocomposites Cross-Linked by Electron Beam Irradiation

et al. 2016

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The obtaining and characterization of some polymeric eco-composites based on wood sawdust and natural rubber is presented. The natural rubber was cross-linked using the electron beam irradiation. The irradiation doses were of 75, 150, 300 and 600 kGy and the concentrations of wood sawdust were of 10 and 20 phr, respectively. As a result of wood sawdust adding, the physical and mechanical properties such as hardness, modulus at 100% elongation and tensile strength, showed significant improvements. The presence of wood sawdust fibers has a reinforcing effect on natural rubber, similar or better than of mineral fillers. An increase in the irradiation dose leads to the increasing of cross-link density, which is reflected in the improvement of hardness, modulus at 100% elongation and tensile strength of blends. The cross-linking rates, appreciated using the Flory-Rehner equation, have increased with the amount of wood sawdust in blends and with the irradiation dose. Even if the gel fraction values have varied irregularly with the amount of wood sawdust and irradiation dose it was over 90% for all blends, except for the samples without wood sawdust irradiated with 75 kGy. The water uptake increased with increasing of fiber content and decreased with the irradiation dose.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

V_{r o} / V_{r f} = 1 - m \frac{f}{1 - f}

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Sawdust/Natural Rubber Ecocomposites Cross-Linked by Electron Beam Irradiation

et al. 2016

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“…The results of crosslinking density are shown in Table 4, it is shown that the crosslink density of SBR vulcanize is higher than that of SBR/50lignin, this is because that there are abundant acidic OH in lignin since acidic agents have an adverse effect on the vulcanization of the rubber [36]. The A(T 2 ) of SBR vulcanize is higher than that of SBR/50lignin.…”

Section: Crosslink Density Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Recently, many researchers use Magnetic Resonance Crosslink Density Measurements to the determinate the crosslink densities in rubber materials [36][37][38][39], and not only this method simple to use and time-saving but also this method can provide several more parameters characterizing the molecular dynamics of the network. Such as the average molecular weight of chains between two adjacent crosslinks (M c ), the motion of dangling chain ends and free chain (A(T 2 )), and the percentage of inter crosslink chain A(M c ), etc.…”

Section: Crosslink Density Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing styrene butadiene rubber with lignin-novolac epoxy resin networks

Yu¹,

He²,

Jiang³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In this study, lignin-novolac epoxy resin networks were fabricated in the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix by combination of latex compounding and melt mixing. Firstly, SBR/lignin compounds were co-coagulated by SBR latex and lignin aqueous solution. Then the novolac epoxy resin (F51) was added in the SBR/lignin compounds by melt compounding method. F51 was directly cured by lignin via the ring-opening reaction of epoxy groups of F51 and OH groups (or COOH groups) of lignin during the curing process of rubber compounds, as was particularly evident from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies and maximum torque of the curing analysis. The existence of lignin-F51 networks were also detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The structure of the SBR/lignin/F51 was also characterized by rubber process analyzer (RPA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and determination of crosslinking density. Due to rigid lignin-F51 networks achieved in SBR/lignin/F51 composites, it was found that the hardness, modulus, tear strength, crosslinking density, the temperature of 5 and 10% weight-loss were significantly enhanced with the loading of F51.

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“…Generally, the degree of reinforcement by short fibers depends on many factors such as the rubber matrix, the type of fiber, the concentration and orientation of the fibers, fiber aspect ratio, and the interaction adhesion between fiber and rubber [2,3]. In more recent work, short nylon fibers were incorporated into different rubber matrices such as Natural Rubber [4][5][6][7], Styrene Butadiene Rubber [8], Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber [9][10][11][12], and Chloroprene Rubber [13], and it was reported that modulus, tear strength, and heat build-up of rubber compound increase by the addition of fibers. However, tensile strength and elongation at break showed a drastic drop in all cases, which has been attributed to the relative higher modulus of short fibers and an indication of fiber-rubber adhesion [4,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Nylon Fibers Waste Modified with Glycidyl 3-Pentadecenyl Phenyl Ether to Reinforce Styrene Butadiene Rubber Tread Compounds

Cen

Tan

et al. 2019

Advances in Polymer Technology

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The utilization of waste fibers represents an important environmental benefit and great economic savings for the community. In this study short nylon fibers waste was modified with Glycidyl 3-Pentadecenyl Phenyl Ether (GPPE) in the presence of Triethylamine/Ammonium persulfate by a simple two-step procedure. The reinforcing effects of modified fibers (MNSF-2) on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and the wear resistant property of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) tread compounds were investigated. The addition of the MNSF-2 resulted in slightly lower minimum torque (ML) and maximum torque (MH), as well as longer cure time (t90) and scorch time (t10) of tread compounds. The deterioration of tensile strength and elongation at break of the tread compound containing short nylon fibers waste (NSF) was apparent. Conversely, the modified fibers showed reinforcing effect on tread compounds. The tensile strength values of compounds increased with MNSF-2 content, passed through a maximum value, and then reduced slightly. The modulus and the tear strength of compounds increased significantly with fiber loadings. The highest tear strength value was observed in 8phr MNSF-2 reinforced SBR compounds, 31.9% higher than that of the gum compound. Meanwhile elongation at break of MNSF-2 compound maintained a relative high value than that of NSF/SBR compound. The addition of NSF exaggerated wear volume of compounds. However, the wear resistance of MNSF-2 compounds was superior to that of NSF compounds and comparable with that of the gum compound. The DMA results reveal that E′ and tan⁡δ values decreased at elevated temperature. Meanwhile enhanced storage modulus in MNSF-2/SBR tread compound can be observed. It is worth highlighting that MNSF-2/SBR compounds show higher tan⁡δ at 0°C, indicating improved wet traction of tread compounds, while tan⁡δ at 60°C maintains almost the same value as that of the gum sample. The results of this study are encouraging, demonstrating that the use of short nylon fibers waste in composites offers promising potential for the green tire application.

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Synthesis of natural rubber-g-maleic anhydride and its use as a compatibilizer in natural rubber/short nylon fiber composites

Cited by 34 publications

References 21 publications

Wood Sawdust/Natural Rubber Ecocomposites Cross-Linked by Electron Beam Irradiation

Wood Sawdust/Natural Rubber Ecocomposites Cross-Linked by Electron Beam Irradiation

Reinforcing styrene butadiene rubber with lignin-novolac epoxy resin networks

Short Nylon Fibers Waste Modified with Glycidyl 3-Pentadecenyl Phenyl Ether to Reinforce Styrene Butadiene Rubber Tread Compounds

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