Maleated glycidyl 3‐pentadecenyl phenyl ether with styrene (MGS) was synthesized from glycidyl 3‐pentadecenyl phenyl ether (GPPE), maleic anhydride (MAH) and styrene (St) in the presence of AIBN initiator at 80°C, and then the resultant MGS was applied as a compatibilizer to prepare SBR/silica composites. Meanwhile, the commercial compatibilizer bis‐(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (named Si69) added into composite was also prepared for comparison purpose. The synthetic MGS structure was characterized by GPC and FTIR, and SBR/silica compounds with different compatibilizer were analyzed using RPA, DMA and so on. The results showed that M̄n and M̄w of MGS were 19,538 g/mol and 23,790 g/mol, respectively. The curing time of compounds with MGS increased, whereas the maximum and minimum torques decreased. The addition of MGS decreased Payne effect of SBR/silica compounds, which implied an improvement of silica dispersion in the compounds. Bound rubber content of compound with MGS was about 1.7 times higher than the absence and 1.5 times higher than that with Si69. The tensile strength of the composites was improved by increasing compatibilizer loading, and the optimum value was observed at 6 phr of MGS. Meanwhile the use of MGS can improve the anti‐aging property of composite. According to DMA, the tanδ value at 0°C of composite with MGS was higher than composite without compatibilizer suggesting that MGS can improve the wet skid resistance of composite. The SEM analysis revealed that introduction of MGS enhanced the compatibility between SBR and silica. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maleated glycidyl 3-pentadecenyl phenyl ether (M-GPPE) was synthesized from glycidyl 3-pentadecenyl phenyl ether (GPPE), a renewable derivative from cardanol, with maleic anhydride (MAH) by grafting copolymerization. The resulting M-GPPE was used as a functionalized plasticizer for a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/carbon black (CB)/silica composite. The effects of M-GPPE on the development of the filler network, the extent of silica dispersion, the curing characteristics, and the mechanical performance of the composites were studied. Meanwhile, a comparative study was performed between M-GPPE and aromatic oil, a traditional plasticizer used in SBR filler formulations. Gel permeation chromatography and IR and 1 H-NMR analysis results confirmed the occurrence of the grafting reaction between GPPE and MAH and the potential structure of M-GPPE. The thermostability of GPPE was improved by grafting copolymerization with MAH, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis results. The presence of M-GPPE resulted in a shorter curing time and better aging properties in the SBR composite compared with GPPE. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis, and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the maleate of GPPE could enhance the compatibility between SBR and silica, improve the dispersion of silica in SBR, and partially replace the aromatic oil in the SBR/CB/silica composite formulation.
The viscoelastic properties of the blends of chloroprene rubber (CR) with ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and natural rubber (NR) at different temperature were studied using rubber processing analyzer (RPA). Mooney viscosities of compounds were measured and tight milling and sheeting appearance were observed on a two-roll mill. The results showed that Mooney viscosities and the elastic modulus of the blends decreased with the increase of the temperature from 60 to 1008C. And the decreasing trends of pure CR, pure NR, and CR/NR blend compounds were more prominent than that of pure EPDM, pure BR, CR/ EPDM, and CR/BR blend compounds. For CR/EPDM blend compounds, the decreasing trend became slower with the increase of EPDM ratio in the blend. Compared with pure CR, pure NR and CR/NR blend compounds, pure EPDM, pure BR compounds, and the blend compounds of CR/EPDM and CR/BR showed less sensibility to temperature and they were less sticky to the metal surface of rolls and could be kept in elastic state at higher temperature, easy to be milled up and sheeted. At the same blend ratio and temperature, the property of tight milling of the blends decreased in the sequence of CR/ EPDM, CR/BR, and CR/NR. With the increase of EPDM, BR, or NR ratio in CR blends, its property of tight milling was improved. POLYM. COMPOS.
Maleic anhydride grafted C5 petroleum resin (C5-g-MAH) was prepared using peroxide as an initiator by melt grafting process, and was incorporated as a compatibilizer into Wood Flour/High Density Polyethylene (WF/HDPE) composites. The effect of second monomers and C5-g-MAHs on the morphology and mechanical properties of composites was investigated. Results showed that the presence of a second monomer, Triallyl isocyanurate (TAI), Butyl acrylate (BA) or Trimethylol proane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), in the grafting system gave rise to higher grafting ratio of C5-g-MAHs compared to that without a second monomer. The highest grafting ratio was obtained as TMPTMA content being 0.20~0.35wt% based on C5. The addition of C5-g-MAHs into WF/HDPE resulted in improved mechanical properties. Meanwhile the composite containing C5-g-MAH with 0.30wt% TMPTMA exhibits the most significant improvement in all mechanical properties with tensile strength and bend strength increasing up to 18% and 20% respectively, which is concomitant with the finer morphology structure observed by SEM, suggesting the remarkable compatibilizing effect of C5-g-MAH with TMPTMA for WF/HDPE composites.
Millable polyurethane elastomer (MPU) with polytetramethylene etherglycol as the soft segment, 4,4 0 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate extended with 3-Allyloxy-1,2-propanediol as the hard segment, was synthesized. The vulcanization characteristic showed that MPU compounds and natural rubber (NR) compounds presented a mismatch in curing rates under the acceleratorsulfur vulcanization system, with the former showing slower curing rates than the latter regardless of the curing temperature. A feasible thermal pretreatment process was thus used to modify the MPU compounds. The IR spectra showed that the peak intensity ratios of 1460-1600 cm À1 increased with increasing pretreated time, indicating the enhanced reactivity of the pretreated compounds (PMPU). Vulcanization kinetic results further confirmed that the pretreatment process facilitated the curing reaction, as the activation energies of the PMPU compounds were all reduced during the induction period, with the lowest value obtained for the sample pretreated for 2 min (PMPU2). PMPU2 was subsequently mixed with NR in various ratios and compared with the corresponding MPU/NR blend. Here improved covulcanization characteristics were observed for the PMPU/NR blends, which exhibited faster cure rates and higher crosslink density. In addition, higher mechanical properties were presented for these pretreated blends, with the tensile strength of PMPU2/NR vulcanizates increasing by 57.3%, 153.7%, and 49.1% when the blend ratios were 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75, respectively. In particular, the 75/25 PMPU/NR vulcanizate had excellent abrasion resistance comparable to MPU.The dynamic compression performance of the pretreated blends was also improved, with fatigue life and temperature rise increasing by 119.1% and decreasing by 40.5%, respectively, for the 75/25 PMPU2/NR vulcanizate relative to the reference MPU/NR. The DMA data showed that the blend vulcanizates exhibited lower tanδ at 60 C compared with the MPU vulcanizate, and this value was further reduced for the pretreated blend, which has obvious environmental significance in terms of reduced energy consumption.
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