Synthesis of Monoclinic and Cubic ZrO2 Nanoparticles from Zircon

Abstract

Zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles with nonstabilized monoclinic and sodium‐stabilized cubic phase were produced from zircon sand using the ball mill‐aided precipitation route. Characterization and a comprehensive study of nanocrystalline ZrO2 particles were expressed by X‐ray diffraction, particle size distribution (PSD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and pore size analysis, X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In this article, the influence of the processing parameters on the crystalline phase, particle size, PSD, aggregation, and morphology are reported. The experimental results prove that the precipitation leads to aggregated particles, which are disaggregated by the ball‐milling process. The ball‐milling process strongly influences the formation of uniform‐sized spherical particles with a high surface area. Fully crystalline monoclinic ZrO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 64 nm (d50) and the specific surface area of 126 m2/g were obtained. In addition, the sodium‐stabilized cubic ZrO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 39 nm (d50) and the specific surface area of 227 m2/g were obtained with the help of the ball‐milling process. In the present process, a simple reaction scheme is developed for the large‐scale production of stabilized and nonstabilized ZrO2 nanoparticles using inexpensive precursor obtained from zircon sand.

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“…The bands observed at 607 and 570 cm −1 correspond to crystalline phase of phosphate (PO 4 3− ) group [22, 23]. In addition, the peaks observed at 1472, 1420, and 876 cm −1 indicate the formation of carbonate apatite [29, 30]. However, it shows that the HAp layer formation is well observed in the SNBG sample when compared with NNBG sample, due to quick dissolution of Ca 2+ and P 5+ ions on the surface.…”

Comparative study of catalytic activity of ZrO2 nanoparticles for sonocatalytic and photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes

“…The broad band at 3400 cm À1 and small band at 1600 cm À1 correspond to the physical adsorbed water on the sample. Absorption band between 500 and 1122 cm À1 was attributed to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching frequency of Zr-O-Zr vibrational bands [30]. Further, all the peaks of ZrO 2 NPs were relatively broad, which represented more symmetrical structure.…”

The growth of Nin clusters and their interaction with cubic, monoclinic, and tetragonal ZrO2 surfaces–a theoretical and experimental study

“…The preparation of c- 48 The precipitate was retrieved by centrifugation, washed with deionized water and then dried at 120 C for 12 h. Aer calcinated at 500 C in air for 3 h, c-ZrO 2 was obtained. The preparation of the catalysts involving in the synthesis of m-ZrO 2 (ref.…”