Synthesis of cardanol‐based phthalonitrile monomer and its copolymerization with phenol–aniline‐based benzoxazine

Abstract

The cardanol-based phthalonitrile (PN) monomer was successfully produced via the nucleophilic substitution reaction of cardanol with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in potassium carbonate media. The conventional methods were employed to predict the chemical structure. The influence of long alkyl chains of cardanol was observed on the thermomechanical properties, recorded values were much below than the poly(Baph) standards. However, the thermal stabilities were recorded in good agreement to PN resin values. Furthermore, the 100 kGy dose of Co 60 irradiation does not show any remarkable changes in the studied properties. The copolymers from P-a benzoxazine and cardanol-based PN (CPN) on the different wt % blending were prepared. The curing behavior and mechanism of the monomer blends were analyzed. The curing of CPN was improved in the presence of active hydrogen produced from the P-a polymerization. The T g and thermal properties of the copolymer were much better than the neat poly(P-a).

Synthesis and properties of a novel bio‐based benzoxazine resin with excellent low‐temperature curing ability

“…With the extreme consumption of fossil energy, energy crises and environmental problems have become an issue that cannot be avoided and must be addressed positively. Therefore, the use of renewable bio‐based compounds instead of traditional fossil‐based compounds to prepare polymer materials has attracted many researchers . Benzoxazine monomer is prepared through dehydration to a ring by a Mannich condensation reaction based on a phenol source, an amine source and a formaldehyde solution or paraformaldehyde.…”

“…Therefore, the use of renewable bio-based compounds instead of traditional fossil-based compounds to prepare polymer materials has attracted many researchers. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Benzoxazine monomer is prepared through dehydration to a ring by a Mannich condensation reaction based on a phenol source, an amine source and a formaldehyde solution or paraformaldehyde. Benzoxazine resin is a kind of phenolic resin; furthermore it has better heat resistance, dielectric properties, low surface energy, low water absorption and no release of small molecules during processing compared with traditional phenolic resin, in addition to zero shrinkage and structure design flexibility.…”

Synthesis, characterization, and properties of a novel aromatic ester-based polybenzoxazine

“…15,16 The third approach is the toughening of polybenzoxazines by inorganic nanoparticles. [17][18][19] Among them, the designing of inherently tough benzoxazine monomers and polybenzoxazines prepolymers was a signicant approach to improve the exibility of polybenzoxazines from the molecular level, and to increase the degree of chemical crosslinking between the two phases.…”

Polymerization mechanism of 4-APN and a new catalyst for phthalonitrile resin polymerization

“…[7][8][9] This promoted the development of PN resin, 9,11 which has happened rapidly over the past 20 years. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Among these PN catalysts, the catalysts containing -NH 2 have the highest outstanding catalytic performance and have been widely used, [19][20][21][22][23][24] such as p-BAPS, 25 m-APB, 26 4-APN, 5 etc. (shown in Fig.…”