Polymerization mechanism of 4-APN and a new catalyst for phthalonitrile resin polymerization

Sheng, Liping; Xiang, Kerui; Qiu, Rong; Wang, Yuxuan; Su, Shengpei; Yin, Daqiang; Chen, Yongming

doi:10.1039/d0ra07581g

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RSC Adv.

2020

DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07581g

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Polymerization mechanism of 4-APN and a new catalyst for phthalonitrile resin polymerization

Liping Sheng

Kerui Xiang

Rong Qiu

et al.

Abstract: The IR waterfall plots when the temperature of connection tube of the TG-IR-GC-MS is 300 °C (a) or 50 °C (b). This clearly shows that ammonia gas is produced during the 4-APN cross-linking reaction.

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Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

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Recent Advances and Prospects in High‐Performance Bio‐Based Phthalonitrile Resins

Bulgakov,

Schubert

2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Phthalontirile resins are renowned as the most heat‐resistant polymeric materials and exhibit exceptional performance under harsh conditions. Consequently, phthalonitrile thermosets offer the potential to substitute metals in hot parts, thereby broadening the operational limits of plastic materials in high‐tech applications. Given their unique combination of properties, phthalonitriles have garnered significant demand across sectors such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and renewable energy. With industrial production and application of phthalonitriles recently initiated in several countries, questions regarding the sustainability of these materials have naturally arisen. Thermosetting materials, owing to their highly cross‐linked architecture, cannot be recycled, necessitating the adoption of synthetic methods utilizing bio‐feedstock raw materials and green protocols to mitigate their environmental impact. The present prospective review summarizes and analyzes the current state‐of‐the‐art in bio‐based phthalonitrile resins and discusses potential directions for research and development of new application areas, with a focus on the challenge of maintaining high‐performance levels during the transition to bio‐based raw materials.

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Recent Advances and Prospects in High‐Performance Bio‐Based Phthalonitrile Resins

Bulgakov,

Schubert

2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrimidine‐Based Novel Phthalonitrile Resins with Excellent Processing Performance and High Glass Transition Temperature

Zhang

Rong

et al. 2023

ChemistrySelect

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Three phthalonitrile monomers containing pyrimidine ring and benzene ring side group were successfully synthesized with 4, 6‐dichloro‐2‐phenylpyrimidine, three kinds of phenols (resorcinol, bisphenol A and bisphenol AF) and 4‐nitrophthalonitrile via nucleophilic substitution reaction. All the phthalonitrile monomers exhibited excellent processing performance due to low melting points (Tm) (below 100 °C) and wide processing windows (difference between melting temperature and curing temperature) above 140 °C. By introducing pyrimidine ring and benzene ring side group, the lower melting point of monomers did not affect the thermal stability and thermal mechanical properties of the phthalonitrile resins based on different bisphenols. In particular, 5 % thermal decomposition temperature (T5%) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of phthalonitrile resin based on resorcinol surpassed 455 and 400 °C while storage modulus (E′) was 3209 MPa. Therefore, phthalonitrile resin containing pyrimidine ring and benzene ring side group have potential applications in the field of high temperature resistant polymers and composites.

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Simultaneously enhancing heat resistance and mechanical performance for phthalonitrile through in-situ formation of inorganic protective layer derived from low melting point oxide

Wang

Zhou

Zheng

et al. 2023

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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Polymerization mechanism of 4-APN and a new catalyst for phthalonitrile resin polymerization

Abstract: The IR waterfall plots when the temperature of connection tube of the TG-IR-GC-MS is 300 °C (a) or 50 °C (b). This clearly shows that ammonia gas is produced during the 4-APN cross-linking reaction.

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Recent Advances and Prospects in High‐Performance Bio‐Based Phthalonitrile Resins

Recent Advances and Prospects in High‐Performance Bio‐Based Phthalonitrile Resins

Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrimidine‐Based Novel Phthalonitrile Resins with Excellent Processing Performance and High Glass Transition Temperature

Simultaneously enhancing heat resistance and mechanical performance for phthalonitrile through in-situ formation of inorganic protective layer derived from low melting point oxide

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