Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on triazole and tetrazole based high nitrogen content high energy materials

Sivabalan, R.; Anniyappan, M.; Pawar, Suman; Talawar, M. B.; Gore, G. M.; Venugopalan, S.; Gandhe, B.R.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.038

Cited by 69 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When compared with monotetrazole derivatives and tetrazolium salts, investigations on explosive performances of ditetrazoles are lacking. 3,50,[52][53][54] This is mainly because determination of the thermodynamic properties for these compounds is impractical or dangerous. However, the ditetrazoles linked by different bridge groups are promising and potential candidates for HEDMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational study of energetic nitrogen‐rich derivatives of 1,1′‐ and 5,5′‐bridged ditetrazoles

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Density functional theory method was used to study the heats of formation (HOFs), electronic structure, energetic properties, and thermal stability for a series of bridged ditetrazole derivatives with different linkages and substituent groups. The results show that the -N3 group and azo bridge (-N=N-) play a very important role in increasing the HOF values of the ditetrazole derivatives. The effects of the substituents on the HOMO-LUMO gap are combined with those of the bridge groups. The calculated detonation velocities and detonation pressures indicate that the -NO2, -NF2, -N=N-, or -N(O)=N- group is an effective structural unit for enhancing the detonation performance for the derivatives. An analysis of the bond dissociation energies for several relatively weak bonds suggests that the N-N bond in the ring or outside the ring is the weakest one and the N-N cleavage is possible to happen in thermal decomposition. Overall, the -CH2-CH2- or -NH-NH- group is an effective bridge for enhancing the thermal stability of the bridged ditetrazoles. Because of their desirable detonation performance and thermal stability, five compounds may be considered as the potential candidates of high-energy density materials (HEDMs). These results provide basic information for the molecular design of novel HEDMs.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational study of energetic nitrogen‐rich derivatives of 1,1′‐ and 5,5′‐bridged ditetrazoles

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Nitrogen-rich compounds derive most of their energy from their very high positive heats of formation, which result from the large number of energetic N-N and C-N bonds in the compounds. 14 Aminotetrazoles have high content of nitrogen [82.3% for 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (AT) and 84.0% for 1,5-diaminotetrazole (DAT)] and they normally have large positive enthalpies of formation. 15 Furthermore, they are heterocyclic compounds rich in electron pairs, so they can coordinate with transition-metal ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Analyses of a Nitrogen‐rich Coordination Compound [Co(DAT)₆](PA)₂·4H₂O

Cui

Zhang

et al. 2008

Chin. J. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A new coordination compound [Co(DAT) 6 ](PA) 2 •4H 2 O has been prepared by using 1,5-diaminotetrazole (DAT) as ligands and picrate (PA) as acidic anions, and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction, elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. The cobalt(II) cation coordinates with six N atoms from six bulky DAT molecules to form a six-coordinated and slightly distorted octahedral configuration. The coordination cation is situated between two PA anions whose benzene-ring planes are parallel to each other. The coordination cation and the PA anions are bonded together by electrostatic forces in the molecular unit of [Co(DAT) 6 ](PA) 2 •4H 2 O. All the molecular units are linked together by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds to form the crystal structure, in the formation of which DAT ligand plays an important role. Thermal decomposition processes of [Co(DAT) 6 ](PA) 2 •4H 2 O were investigated by using DSC, TG-DTG and FT-IR analyses. The kinetic parameters of the first exothermic process of the title compound were studied by applying the Kissinger's and Ozawa-Doyle's methods.

show abstract

“…Energetic tetrazoles, tetrazolates and tetrazolium salts are of primary interest in the development of new stable and less sensitive energetic materials. Literature presents with many references of energetic derivatives of triazoles and tetrazoles [6][7][8][9] and a few of them have been studied for their application as gas generators, propellant additives and as double base gun propellants. Attributes such as thermal stability and density are key factors in determining the suitability of these molecules as replacements for the existing carbon rich energetic molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1‐(2H‐Tetrazolyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐amine(TzTA) – A Thermally Stable Nitrogen Rich Energetic Material: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermo‐Chemical Analysis

Sasidharan

Ang

2014

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The targeted high nitrogen energetic material 1‐(2H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐amine (TzTA) was synthesized from 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole via a two‐step procedure using cyanogen bromide and sodium azide. TzTA was prepared in good yields and characterized using analytical (elemental) and spectroscopic (IR, Raman, NMR) techniques. The crystal structure of sulfate salt of the molecule was solved by means of low temperature X‐ray crystallography, which showed the co‐planarity of the two rings. The sulfate salt of the molecule crystallized in monoclinic system P21/n, with a crystal density of 1.856 g cm−3. The thermal stability of the molecule was assessed by DSC. The molecule showed excellent thermal stability better than many known nitrogen rich energetic molecules and showed comparable thermal stability with HMX. Non‐isothermal kinetics was performed on the molecule to derive the activation energy. Constant volume combustion energy was determined using oxygen bomb calorimeter and back calculated the heat of formation. Preliminary insight on the gas generating capability of the molecule was tested by measuring the dynamic pressure generated inside a closed bomb. Dynamic pressure of an oxygen balanced system (TzTA and ADN) was also measured using the Parr dynamic pressure measurement system.

show abstract

Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on triazole and tetrazole based high nitrogen content high energy materials

Cited by 69 publications

References 15 publications

Computational study of energetic nitrogen‐rich derivatives of 1,1′‐ and 5,5′‐bridged ditetrazoles

Computational study of energetic nitrogen‐rich derivatives of 1,1′‐ and 5,5′‐bridged ditetrazoles

Preparation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Analyses of a Nitrogen‐rich Coordination Compound [Co(DAT)₆](PA)₂·4H₂O

1‐(2H‐Tetrazolyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐amine(TzTA) – A Thermally Stable Nitrogen Rich Energetic Material: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermo‐Chemical Analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on triazole and tetrazole based high nitrogen content high energy materials

Cited by 69 publications

References 15 publications

Computational study of energetic nitrogen‐rich derivatives of 1,1′‐ and 5,5′‐bridged ditetrazoles

Computational study of energetic nitrogen‐rich derivatives of 1,1′‐ and 5,5′‐bridged ditetrazoles

Preparation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Analyses of a Nitrogen‐rich Coordination Compound [Co(DAT)6](PA)2·4H2O

1‐(2H‐Tetrazolyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐amine(TzTA) – A Thermally Stable Nitrogen Rich Energetic Material: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermo‐Chemical Analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Preparation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Analyses of a Nitrogen‐rich Coordination Compound [Co(DAT)₆](PA)₂·4H₂O