Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Anti‐Leukemic Potency of Some Novel Azo‐Naphthol Dyes Conjugated with Metal Nanoparticles as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Synthesis of some new mono azo organic compounds, based on 1‐arylazo‐2‐naphthol nucleus is performed by diazo‐coupling strategy of β‐naphthol with different 1ry aromatic amines. Interestingly, the monoazo products undergo functionalized reactions to obtain the target azo naphthol derivatives (3–14). The synthesized dyes are conjugated with gold and/ or silver nanoparticles by electrostatic interaction. Photodynamic therapeutic efficiencies of the synthesized naphthol azo dyes and their conjugates have been evaluated against promyelocytic leukemia cell lines (HL‐60) in dark and light conditions. Dye‐Nanometal conjugates act as photosensitizers (PSs) exhibiting an enhancement of the optical properties as well as in photodynamic therapeutic efficiencies in variable degrees depending on dye structure.

Photosensitizer Anchored Nanoparticles: A Potential Material for Photodynamic Therapy

“…[80] Conjugated NPs showed better cytotoxicity against various cancer cells indicating high PDT ability of various PS when conjugated with AgNPs. [82]…”

“…Efficiency depends on the structure of the formazan dye derivative and UV absorption enhancements [80] . Conjugated NPs showed better cytotoxicity against various cancer cells indicating high PDT ability of various PS when conjugated with AgNPs [82] …”

Exploring the Potential of Azo Compounds in Leukemia Treatment: Synthesis and Characterization of New Derivatives with Dimedone and Meldrum's Acid End Groups

“…However, drug development is a complex process requiring extensive research and clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. Continuous innovation is crucial to improving leukemia treatment and patient outcomes [16] . One of the potential advantages of these compounds is their selective targeting ability towards cancer cells, which could potentially minimize the side effects of treatment on healthy cells.…”

“…Lastly, compared to some other compounds, azo compounds can be relatively inexpensive to synthesize and produce, potentially making them more accessible and affordable for medical use. However, it is important to note that the advantages of azo compounds are dependent on the specific compound and its intended application, and further research is needed to fully understand their potential limitations and drawbacks in drug development [16,18–20] …”

Synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations and biological evaluation of azo dye ligand containing 1,3-dimethylxanthine and its Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes

“…Azo dyes are color compounds which mean that the agitation process of electrons needs light in the visible area or the red area; therefore, there are an attraction to use as non-linear and photoelectronic, essentially in optical information storage [5] and in photodynamic treatment as photosensitizer [6,7]. Azo dyes and their complexes are also suitable for two-photon excitation (TPE) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [8].…”