“…Among them, as n-type of semiconductor, tin oxide has attracted great interest due to its properties such as wideband-gap (E g = 3.6 eV, at 300 K), unique optical and electrical properties [2,3]. SnO 2 has great significance in widely technological applications such as dye-based solar cells, electrochromic devices [4], photovoltaics [3], transparent electrodes, catalysts, gas sensing, lithiumion batteries [2] and transistors [5]. There are several research methods to synthesize SnO 2 nanostructures with high purity level, well dispersibility and controllable sizes, such as spray pyrolysis, hydrothermal process, evaporating tin grains in air, chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation of oxide powders, rapid oxidation of elemental tin and the sol-gel method, and hydrothermal method.…”