Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Activated Carbon from Annatto Peels (Bixa orellana L.) Viewed from Temperature Activation and Impregnation Ratio of H3PO4

Abstract

Nano activated carbon is activated carbon with nano-sized carbon particles and can be synthesized from cellulose-containing materials such as the Annatto peels. In this study, the synthesis of nano activated carbon of the Annatto peels was carried out in terms of activation temperature variations and the carbon impregnation ratio of 50% H3PO4 acid and determining the characteristics of nano activated carbon from Annatto peels (NAPAC). The activation method used is the impregnation of carbon in 50% H3PO4 with a ratio of 1: 3; 1: 4; 1: 5; 1: 6; and 1: 7 (w/w) for 24 hours and heating at 400; 500; 600; 700; and 800 °C for one hour. Nano activated carbon from Annatto peels (NAPAC) was characterized by Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The results of the study showed that the NAPAC can be synthesized from Annatto peels with activation by 50% H3PO4 at the temperature of 500°C and the impregnation ratio of 1:5 (w/w).

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“…This is due to the physical activation in the CO 2 gas environment treatment, maximizing the evaporation process of organic compounds and rearranges the carbon framework, thereby possessing FTIR spectra that are nearly ideal for porous activated carbon. Meanwhile, MOL750 showed the lowest absorption band, followed by the removal of some absorbance, especially on the stretching vibration of C–O and CH aromatic. , This indicated that the FTIR spectra obtained are the most ideal compared to the others. The presence of a relatively confirmed −OH functional group provides wettability and hydrophilicity properties for the electrode material. , This property is used as a heteroatom to increase the effect of extra pseudocapacitance in electrochemical energy storage devices.…”

“…Meanwhile, MOL750 showed the lowest absorption band, followed by the removal of some absorbance, especially on the stretching vibration of C−O and CH aromatic. 40,43 This indicated that the FTIR spectra obtained are the most ideal compared to the others. The presence of a relatively confirmed −OH functional group provides wettability and hydrophilicity properties for the electrode material.…”

“…From Table 1, the carbon discs pyrolyzed at 750 °C showed higher surface areas than others. 40,41 This functional group is considered normal for porous activated carbon based on organic waste. The carbon discs pyrolyzed at 600 °C (carbonization only) showed significant absorption at several wavenumbers compared to higher temperatures.…”

“…Generally, different pyrolysis temperatures, namely 600, 650, 750, and 850 °C, of the MOLs precursors exhibited stretching vibrations of −OH, C–H, C=C, C–O, CH 2 , and C–H aromatics. 40 , 41 This functional group is considered normal for porous activated carbon based on organic waste. The carbon discs pyrolyzed at 600 °C (carbonization only) showed significant absorption at several wavenumbers compared to higher temperatures.…”

“…Figure 1d shows the FTIR spectrum of the carbon disc MOLs at a wavenumber of 4500−450 cm −1 . Generally, different pyrolysis temperatures, namely 600, 650, 750, and 850 °C, of the MOLs precursors exhibited stretching vibrations of −OH, C−H, C�C, C−O, CH 2 , and C−H aromatics 40,41. This functional group is considered normal for porous activated carbon based on organic waste.…”