Synthesis and characterization of elastic and macroporous chitosan–gelatin cryogels for tissue engineering

Kathuria, Neeraj; Tripathi, Anuj; Kar, Kamal K.; Kumar, Ashok

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.009

Cited by 278 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This technology is also unable to generate large and interconnected porous network in the fabricated matrices. We have recently shown new possibilities of cryogel technology for the construction of interconnected macroporous three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications [19,20]. Cryogels have also been used for other biotechnological applications [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supermacroprous chitosan–agarose–gelatin cryogels:in vitrocharacterization andin vivoassessment for cartilage tissue engineering

Bhat

Tripathi

Kumar

2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

196

192

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The study focuses on the synthesis of a novel polymeric scaffold having good porosity and mechanical characteristics synthesized by using natural polymers and their optimization for application in cartilage tissue engineering. The scaffolds were synthesized via cryogelation technology using an optimized ratio of the polymer solutions (chitosan, agarose and gelatin) and cross-linker followed by the incubation at sub-zero temperature (2128C). Microstructure examination of the chitosan -agarose -gelatine (CAG) cryogels was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscopy. Mechanical analysis, such as the unconfined compression test, demonstrated that cryogels with varying chitosan concentrations, i.e. 0.5 -1% have a high compression modulus. In addition, fatigue tests revealed that scaffolds are suitable for bioreactor studies where gels are subjected to continuous cyclic strain. In order to confirm the stability, cryogels were subjected to high frequency (5 Hz) with 30 per cent compression of their original length up to 1 Â 10 5 cycles, gels did not show any significant changes in their mass and dimensions during the experiment. These cryogels have exhibited degradation capacity under aseptic conditions. CAG cryogels showed good cell adhesion of primary goat chondrocytes examined by SEM. Cytotoxicity of the material was checked by MTT assay and results confirmed the biocompatibility of the material. In vivo biocompatibility of the scaffolds was checked by the implantation of the scaffolds in laboratory animals. These results suggest the potential of CAG cryogels as a good three-dimensional scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supermacroprous chitosan–agarose–gelatin cryogels:in vitrocharacterization andin vivoassessment for cartilage tissue engineering

Bhat

Tripathi

Kumar

2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

196

192

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“…The scaffold should be biodegradable and elastic for contractile tissues such as blood vessels and heart valves. It is therefore necessary to develop tissue like matrix with interconnected network, to act as templates to guide cell growth, transfer of nutrients, oxygen and waste products (Kathuria et al, 2009). Cross-linked chitosan hydrogels as potential tissue engineering scaffold can be prepared by Schiff base reaction between the N-succinyl-chitosan and the aldehyde group from the oxidized hyaluronic acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Properties of Chitosan

Alvarenga¹

2011

Biotechnology of Biopolymers

109

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“…Cryogels typically exhibit enhanced mechanical stability with respect to traditional hydrogels (17). Recent studies have shown the potential application of cryogels as tissue engineering scaffolds (19)(20)(21).Due to the trauma resulting from surgical implantation of 3D scaffolds, minimally invasive surgical approaches to deliver polymeric scaffolds have been the focus of recent work (22,23). For a biomaterial to be injectable, it has to be able to flow through a small-bore needle or a catheter.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Injectable preformed scaffolds with shape-memory properties

Bencherif

Sands

Bhatta

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

421

401

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Injectable biomaterials are increasingly being explored to minimize risks and complications associated with surgical implantation. We describe a strategy for delivery via conventional needle-syringe injection of large preformed macroporous scaffolds with well-defined properties. Injectable 3D scaffolds, in the form of elastic sponge-like matrices, were prepared by environmentally friendly cryotropic gelation of a naturally sourced polymer. Cryogels with shape-memory properties may be molded to a variety of shapes and sizes, and may be optionally loaded with therapeutic agents or cells. These scaffolds have the capability to withstand reversible deformations at over 90% strain level, and a rapid volumetric recovery allows the structurally defined scaffolds to be injected through a small-bore needle with nearly complete geometric restoration once delivered. These gels demonstrated long-term release of biomolecules in vivo. Furthermore, cryogels impregnated with bioluminescent reporter cells provided enhanced survival, higher local retention, and extended engraftment of transplanted cells at the injection site compared with a standard injection technique. These injectable scaffolds show great promise for various biomedical applications, including cell therapies.syringe-injectable hydrogels | cryogelation | shape retention | controlled delivery | cell therapy H ydrogels are 3D networks that can absorb a large amount of water while maintaining their structural integrity. They are considered as appropriate scaffolds for tissue engineering applications mainly due to their structural similarities with native soft tissue, and are widely used as soft materials in many biomedical applications including cell culture, cell encapsulation, controlled delivery of therapeutic agents, and medical device fabrication (1-6).Hydrogels typically exhibit a nanoporous network structure, but it is advantageous to use hydrophilic networks with large interconnected pores (>10 μm) to allow cell infiltration and deployment, and provide an increased surface area for cell attachment and interaction. As a result, macroporous hydrogel scaffolds have been developed using various techniques such as fiber bonding, gas foaming, microemulsion formation, phase separation, freeze-drying, and porogen leaching (7-15). More recently, gelation at subzero temperatures, known as cryogelation, has been used to create hydrogels with large interconnected pores (16-18). During cryogelation, the reactants are restricted to the unfrozen/semifrozen phases and form a cross-linked network upon polymerization, while the ice crystals nucleated from the aqueous phase during freezing function as porogens. The melting of these ice crystals at temperature above the freezing temperature gives rise to interconnected macroporous networks. Cryogels typically exhibit enhanced mechanical stability with respect to traditional hydrogels (17). Recent studies have shown the potential application of cryogels as tissue engineering scaffolds (19)(20)(21).Due to the trauma resulting fro...

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Synthesis and characterization of elastic and macroporous chitosan–gelatin cryogels for tissue engineering

Cited by 278 publications

References 54 publications

Supermacroprous chitosan–agarose–gelatin cryogels:in vitrocharacterization andin vivoassessment for cartilage tissue engineering

Supermacroprous chitosan–agarose–gelatin cryogels:in vitrocharacterization andin vivoassessment for cartilage tissue engineering

Characterization and Properties of Chitosan

Injectable preformed scaffolds with shape-memory properties

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