Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Sago Waste (Metroxylon sagu) with ZnCl2 Activation and HNO3 Modification

Abstract

Previous researches have shown that activated carbon could be made from various raw materials which contain lignocellulose. The aims of this research were to synthesis and characterize the activated carbon obtained from lignocellulose contained in sago waste. The synthesis was conducted through multiple stages of dehydration, carbonization, silica extraction with NaOH, activation by ZnCl2 10%, and surface modification using HNO3 65%, successively. From X-ray fluorescence, it was confirmed that treatment with NaOH removed practically all silica content from the sample with only 1 wt% left. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the samples have amorphous structures before the modification and started to form exfoliated graphite crystals, as shown by the peaks at 2θ 30.27° and 35.10°. The significant result was obtained from the series of processes of carbonization, extraction, activation, and modification using 1.5 mL of HNO3 (CEA 1.5), which produced nanoporous particles with regular homogeneous shapes in the range of 200 nm in size as shown by scanning electron images. Finally, the infrared spectra from activated and modified samples confirmed that the oxygen-containing groups had increased.

Production of nanostructured crystalline composite using residual ashes from flocculated sludge burning process in a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system

“…The ashes and A.C. (III) and (IV) showed a high distribution of pores on the surface; this is a common characteristic of materials that have an excellent adsorptive capacity, as reported previously [38][39][40][41]. However, the A.C. (I) and (II) did not show a significant number of pores on their surface, probably due to the type of treatment that the materials were submitted [42,43]. The EDS analysis allowed us to determine the elemental composition of the adsorbents and the results are shown in Table III.…”

Identification of Surface Functional Group on Activated Carbon from Waste Sago

“…Before activation process, silica extraction was performed by mixing the carbon powder with NaOH solution to remove the high silica content in waste sago carbon. As this study used the same method, the details of silica extraction process can be found in previous report (Allo et al, 2019). .…”

“…In this study, the activated carbon was prepared from waste sago, as an endemic plant in Southeastern Asia and a very commonly found as local food in Papua and Maluku, however the waste generated has not been used optimally. Moreover, waste sago chosen as precursor materials due to its lignocellulose content (Allo et al, 2019). Waste sago carbon were activated using two different chemical activations called phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).…”

Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Ampas Sagu Menggunakan Aktivator ZnCl2

“…Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi silika berhasil dilakukan, dengan hanya 1% berat Si tersisa. Hal ini berarti penambahan larutan NaOH dapat mengikat silika dioksida dari ampas sagu, dan kemudian dilarutkan serta dibuang bersama-sama dalam proses pencucian dengan akuades (Allo, Sudarmono & Togibasa, 2019). Unsur Ca dan Si merupakan unsur elektroda karbon yang umum terdapat dari ampas sagu (Rifani, Taer, & Taslim, 2018).…”

“…Gambar 3 Hasil SEM karbon aktif dengan perbesaran 5.000x dengan konsentrasi ZnCl2 yaitu: (a) 5%, (b) 15%, dan (c) 20% yang tersisa, yang artinya muncul pengikatan parsial. Hal ini dapat saja disebabkan karena proses pencucian dan penetralan yang belum optimal (Allo, Sudarmono & Togibasa, 2019).…”