Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Addition–Fragmentation Reactive Surfactant (TRANSURF) for Use in Free-Radical Emulsion Polymerizations

Wilkinson, T. S.; Boonstra, Armin; Montoya-Goñi, A.; Es, Steven van; Monteiro, Michael J.; German, Anton L.

doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7430

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…As expected, short hydrophobic chain length led to an increase of the CMC value, which means that the hydrophobic domain was the predominant driving force for micellization in aqueous solution [31]. Also, the lower surface tension value at the CMC indicated rather good surface activity [32].…”

Section: Surface Tensionsupporting

confidence: 53%

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Structural and Physicochemical Properties of a Polymerizable Surfactant Synthesized from N‐Methylol Acrylamide

Tamer

Yamak

Yıldırım

2016

J Surfact & Detergents

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A new polymerizable nonionic surfactant with reactive vinyl groups has been synthesized from N‐methylol acrylamide using a two‐step procedure. The structure of the surfactant molecule was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The surface active properties alongside its self‐assembly properties were investigated by surface tension, electrical conductivity, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. As compared with other nonionic surfactants, this study showed that this polymerizable surfactant possesses slightly a higher critical micelle concentration (CMC) value and the surface tension value at CMC. The obtained CMC values were compatible among measurements, ca. 0.02–0.038 M. The evidence of micelle formation also provided by the zeta potential measurements and the obtained zeta potential values showed that the polymerizable surfactant solutions had limited stability. The hydrolysis stability and solubility of the polymerizable surfactant were also investigated. The solubility results have shown that it was soluble in polar solvents while insoluble in nonpolar solvents both at room temperature and 40 °C. The acidic and basic hydrolysis of the surfactant increased as the temperature increased and the hydrolysis stability was 180 min (basic medium) and 55 min (acidic medium) at 80 °C.

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Section: Surface Tensionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Conductivity is an easy method for determining the micellar properties of surfactants [32]. Figure 6 shows the electrical conductivity values against increasing surfactant concentration and the break point of two straight lines gave the CMC value of p-NMA.…”

Section: Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Physicochemical Properties of a Polymerizable Surfactant Synthesized from N‐Methylol Acrylamide

Tamer

Yamak

Yıldırım

2016

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…Monteiro and coworkers used both RAFT211 and MADIX212 to mediate the emulsion polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate, respectively, but they obtained ill‐defined polymers. Further work was undertaken by various research groups on the polymerization of styrene141, 211–218 and styrene derivatives,194 MMA,219–222 butyl acrylate,139, 141 and vinyl acetate,219 but all highlighted considerable difficulties in controlling the molecular weight growth or the colloidal stability. A number of issues in implementing the RAFT system to emulsion polymerization were encountered, including the occurrence of two or even three phases in the reaction mixture leading to phase partitioning of the CTA, rate retardation, water sensitivity of some RAFT agents, transport of the controlling agent between phases, surface activity of some RAFT agents, and particle nucleation 14, 194, 213, 219, 223–225.…”

Section: Polymerization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Perrier

Takolpuckdee

2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

1,145

1,042

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Among the living radical polymerization techniques, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) polymerizations appear to be the most versatile processes in terms of the reaction conditions, the variety of monomers for which polymerization can be controlled, tolerance to functionalities, and the range of polymeric architectures that can be produced. This review highlights the progress made in RAFT/MADIX polymerization since the first report in 1998. It addresses, in turn, the mechanism and kinetics of the process, examines the various components of the system, including the synthesis paths of the thiocarbonyl-thio compounds used as chain-transfer agents, and the conditions of polymerization, and gives an account of the wide range of monomers that have been successfully polymerized to date, as well as the various polymeric architectures that have been produced. In the last section, this review describes the future challenges that the process will face and shows its opening to a wider scientific community as a synthetic tool for the production of functional macromolecules and materials.

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“…Due to the presence of thiocarbonyl thio group at the end of polymer chain, it can act as transurf [6] in the emulsion polymerization. Ferguson et al [7] are the first to use hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) based macro-RAFT agents in the synthesis of reactive poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(butyl acrylate) via multi steps routes under starve feed conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of core–shell polystyrene nanoparticles by surfactant free emulsion polymerization using macro-RAFT agent

Yeole

Hundiwale

Jana

2011

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Addition–Fragmentation Reactive Surfactant (TRANSURF) for Use in Free-Radical Emulsion Polymerizations

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Structural and Physicochemical Properties of a Polymerizable Surfactant Synthesized from N‐Methylol Acrylamide

Structural and Physicochemical Properties of a Polymerizable Surfactant Synthesized from N‐Methylol Acrylamide

Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Synthesis of core–shell polystyrene nanoparticles by surfactant free emulsion polymerization using macro-RAFT agent

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