Synergized high‐load bearing bone replacement composite from poly(lactic acid) reinforced with hydroxyapatite/glass fiber hybrid filler—Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties

Abstract

High‐load bearing bone replacement composite was produced from poly(lactic acid) (PLA), surface modified hydroxyapatite (HA) and glass fiber (GF). Composition dependence and other salient properties of the composites were investigated with respect to the mechanical and dynamic mechanical performance of the composites. Incorporation of modified HA facilitates dispersion, improves bonding, as well as induce heterogeneous nucleation in the PLA matrix. On the other hand, GF greatly influenced the mechanical properties of the composite. The effectiveness coefficient, C, and adhesion factor, A, showed that incorporation of hybrid HA/GF filler helps to improve interfacial interaction due to increased bonding among the components, which produced remarkable enhancement in mechanical performance. For instance, tensile and flexural modulus of the PLA‐HA‐GF composite was raised by 86% and 82%, respectively. In addition, whereas incorporation of HA alone resulted in decreased impact strength (IS) of PLA, the IS of the PLA‐HA‐GF composite improved by 42%. Furthermore, damping of the ternary composite was reduced by 34% whereas the storage modulus is 1273 MPa higher than neat PLA. Therefore, hybrid HA/GF reinforced PLA offers alternative possibility for the fabrication of composites suitable for use in bone replacement and other orthopedic applications requiring high‐load bearing materials.

Rheological Behavior and Dynamic Mechanical Properties for Interpretation of Layer Adhesion in FDM 3D Printing

“…Figure 8b displayed E" curve of the PLA composites compression molded, and the 3D printed samples. The E" support information of viscous response of materials, energy dissipation and related to relaxation process [23,26]. The E" peaks of the 3D printed samples shift to higher temperatures.…”

“…T g of the PLA matrix around 60-64 • C can be clearly seen from the first heating while it was broad in the second heating as the PLA could be crystallized after removed thermal history and controlled the cooling rate [27]. An exothermic area at the heating cycles informed the T cc that indicated slow crystallized and imperfect crystal of PLA matrix [23]. An endothermic peak around 165-170 • C of the first and the second heating cycles indicates T m of the PLA matrix.…”

“…E" of the PLA-P and PLA-CF composites were higher than the neat PLA. Akindoyo, et al [23] reported that higher E" of the composites than neat PLA could be due to the higher segmentation of chains in the PLA matrix, which the reinforcing fillers might have hindered chain relaxations within the composite and larger number of energy dispersing spots formed by interfacial bonding.…”

“…Nevertheless, mechanical properties of composite materials in the FDM 3D printing were improved but limited in the layer adhesion [1,16,22]. To clarify the layer adhesion and interfacial adhesion of the composites 3D printing, rheological studied and dynamic mechanical analysis are used to understand the interfacial adhesion, the interlayer adhesion and properties of polymer composites and the FDM 3D printing [3,4,10,19,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Aw, et al [19] studied the effect of printing parameters on tensile, dynamic mechanical, and thermoelectrical properties of FDM 3D printed conductive ABS (CABS)/zinc oxide (ZnO) composites.…”

Durable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Sustainable Engineered Blends and Biocomposites: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities

“…The composite possessed an enhanced tensile modulus and flexural modulus, namely, 86% and 82%, respectively. When compared with PLA, the PLA/HA/GF composite showed a 1273 MPa increase in the storage modulus …”