Durable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Sustainable Engineered Blends and Biocomposites: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract

The paper comprehensively reviews durable polylactic acid (PLA)-based engineered blends and biocomposites supporting a low carbon economy. The traditional fossil fuel derived nonrenewable durable plastics that cannot be circumvented have spawned increased environmental concerns because of the continuous rise of their carbon footprint during processing and disposal. It is anticipated that the production of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable (durable) plastics from the year 2020 to 2025 will rise ∼47% and ∼21%, respectively. The carbon footprint can be reduced in durable (nonrenewable) plastics by decreasing or replacing the “fossil carbon” content with “renewable carbon” content. The replacement will enable us to attain a sustainable environment, a low carbon footprint, energy security, and effective resource management. Thus, PLA-based durable products need to be developed with an enhanced service life that strikes a balance between environment-friendliness and product performance for engineering high-performance applications. The recent progress for enhancing the durability of PLA-based products consisting of hybrid nonrenewable and renewable carbon has been attained by incorporating synthetic plastics, synthetic fibers (glass and carbon), natural fibers, and other biofillers (biocarbon). Further, the effects of additives such as initiators, nucleating agents, chain extenders, compatibilizers, impact modifiers, and toughening agents to prepare such blends and composites have been discussed. This Review further critically examines the advances centering on processability, heat resistance, flame retardancy, strength, and toughness. In addition to that, current and prospective applications such as automotive, electronic, medical, textile, and housing of PLA-based products are discussed. However, the challenges for tailoring durable PLA-based products that still need to be addressed, such as improved processability, striking stiffness–toughness balance, enhanced heat resistance, and improved interfacial adhesion between the polymer–polymer, polymer–filler, and hybrid polymer–filler in respective polymer blends, composites, and hybrid composites, are summarized and analyzed in this Review. Hence, the opportunities for improvement to overcome the challenges lie ahead.

Analysis of the Damage Mechanism around the Crack Tip for Two Rubber-Toughened PLA-Based Blends

“…For these reasons, rubber-toughening processes (with bio-based or biodegradable rubbers) were studied to improve PLA fracture resistance and/or ductility while preserving the eco-compatible nature of the final multiphase material [42][43][44]. In literature, the addition to PLA in different amounts of elastomer typologies, for numerous applications, has been extensively studied from a rheological, processing, thermal, and mechanical point of view, with positive and encouraging results [45][46][47].…”

High performance polyvinyl alcohol/polylactic acid materials: Facile preparation and improved properties

“…The design and preparation of ecofriendly products is an effective strategy to replace nonbiodegradable petroleum‐based products, which are increasingly endangering the human living environment 1–6 . In this context, much attention has been payed to green and biodegradable products fabricated from nontoxic and biodegradable feedstocks such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly( d , l ‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) (PBS), and so on 7–10 . In recent years, PVA has gained a significant interest because of its fascinating features including film forming, low friction factor, biocompatibility, biodegradability and permeability 11–13 .…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] In this context, much attention has been payed to green and biodegradable products fabricated from nontoxic and biodegradable feedstocks such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(1,4-butylene succinate) (PBS), and so on. [7][8][9][10] In recent years, PVA has gained a significant interest because of its fascinating features including film forming, low friction factor, biocompatibility, biodegradability and permeability. [11][12][13] However, PVA has poor mechanical property and water-retention property, and it is difficult to be directly processed into desired product.…”

Stiff-Elongated Balance of PLA-Based Polymer Blends

“…Additionally, PLA-based multicomponent polymer blends are raising interest in specific applications such as tissue engineering, pharmaceutical, sutures, and drug delivery [2,3]. Even though PLA has been extensively studied, there are still challenges to solving its intrinsic properties, including stiffness-toughness balance, improved processability and interfacial adhesion (polymer blends [4], composites [5], or hybrid composites [6]), and lastly enhanced heat resistance [7].…”

“…Moreover, the high brittleness (with an elongation at break, ε b , inferior to 10% [8]) is a typical problem involved in achieving a stiffness-toughness balance for a particular PLA application [7,9]. To overcome the mechanical limitations of PLA, diverse methods have been studied, such as copolymerization, grafting [1], blending with other polymers [10], the addition of plasticizers [2,11], and a combination of these strategies [12].…”