Synergistic effect of carbon and phosphorus flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foams

Chen, Xiaoyu; Huang, Zonghou; Xi, Xiu-Qi; Li, Jia; Fan, Xinyu; Zhan, Wang

doi:10.1002/fam.2511

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Different approaches for a suitable sample thickness of foams were reported, since the main disadvantage of such a thick sample is the decreasing heat flux with increasing distance between the cone heater and sample surface during combustion [24,33]. The cone calorimeter has some limitations regarding the measurement of sample with a low density and therefore low weight, low fire load, and short burning time [23,34] which lead to increasing uncertainty [35]. Thus, a thickness of 50 mm was chosen to obtain a sufficient sample mass.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a great deal of effort has been spent in investigating flame retardants for RPUFs [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], and recently several novel phosphorous FRs were tested [18,19,20,21,22,23]. A series of more detailed investigations focused on the fire phenomena of flexible polyurethane foams was performed, since they exhibit even more complex fire behaviour including structural collapse and the formation of pool fires [24,25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2018

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Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) typically exhibit low thermal inertia, resulting in short ignition times and rapid flame spread. In this study, the fire phenomena of RPUFs were investigated using a multi-methodological approach to gain detailed insight into the fire behaviour of pentane- and water-blown polyurethane (PUR) as well as pentane-blown polyisocyanurate polyurethane (PIR) foams with densities ranging from 30 to 100 kg/m3. Thermophysical properties were studied using thermogravimetry (TG); flammability and fire behaviour were investigated by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and a cone calorimeter. Temperature development in burning cone calorimeter specimens was monitored with thermocouples inside the foam samples and visual investigation of quenched specimens’ cross sections gave insight into the morphological changes during burning. A comprehensive investigation is presented, illuminating the processes taking place during foam combustion. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that in-depth absorption of radiation is a significant factor in estimating the time to ignition. Cross sections examined with an electron scanning microscope (SEM) revealed a pyrolysis front with an intact foam structure underneath, and temperature measurement inside burning specimens indicated that, as foam density increased, their burning behaviour shifted towards that of solid materials. The superior fire performance of PIR foams was found to be based on the cellular structure, which is retained in the residue to some extent.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2018

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“…In general, two methods were mainly adopted [6,7,8,9]. One way was adding the non-reactive flame retardant [10], which was confirmed to be a simple and effective approach to improve the flame resistance. Wang et al used a phosphorous-nitrogen intumescent flame-retardant, 2,2-diethyl-1,3- propanediol phosphoryl melamine (DPPM) to improve the flame retardancy of RPUF, where the limit oxygen index (LOI) value was increased to 29.5% when loading 25 phr DPPM [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Flame-Retardant Actions of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Expandable Graphite

et al. 2019

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In this paper, rigid polyurethane foams that were filled with expandable graphite (RPUF/EG) composites were prepared by the liquid blending method, and then the structure and flame retardancy performance of materials were investigated through optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, limit oxygen index, cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis coupled to fourier transform infrared spectrum, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that a large number of EG could be good to the exhibition of flame retardancy of RPUF, where the optimal material was found at loading 15 phr EG that showed an increased limit oxygen index value and a decreased calorific or fuming value. TGA coupled FTIR and XPS revealed that EG could disassembled before RPUF under heating treatment, and it could form a pyknotic and enahnced residual carbon layer on RPUF surface after the fire, which restricted the transfer of gas, like oxygen or heat into PU matrix, finally resulting in the promotion of flame retardancy of RPUF.

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“…Most of the studies on the use of EG in urethane systems refer to PU foams. The effects of the particle sizes, expansion volume, and percentage of EG on PU and PIR foams' thermal degradation and flammability have been investigated in numerous works . Duquesne et al investigated the thermal degradation of PU coatings with EG and the mechanism of flame retardancy induced by EG in PU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane coatings based on linseed oil phosphate ester polyols with intumescent flame retardants

et al. 2018

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Summary The effect of intumescent flame retardants on the properties of polyurethane (PU) coatings based on 2 kinds of phosphate ester polyol was studied. Synthesizing polyols, phosphorylation of epoxidized linseed oil with phosphoric acid was performed in the presence of isopropyl alcohol (IPA polyol) or diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE polyol). The obtained polyols were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The properties of neat PU coatings based on 2 polyols and those filled with different content (up to 25 wt%) of melamine (Mel), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and expandable graphite (EG) were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile and cone calorimeter tests. It was found that IPA polyol contained not only phosphate monoesters and diesters, as DGBE polyol, but also phosphate triester and pyrophosphate monoester. Due to this difference, IPA neat and filled coatings had higher tensile characteristics and char residue in a TGA test. Also, the flame retardancy of IPA coatings, compared with that of DGBE coatings, was higher. In a cone calorimeter test, coatings filled with Mel showed a small increase of flame retardancy, but the total smoke release (TSR) of wood samples with coatings decreased noticeably. The effect of APP on the flame retardancy of coatings was higher, but in contrast, the TSR of samples increased with increasing APP content. Even greater decrease of flammability parameters and a simultaneous significant decrease of TSR were shown by the samples with IPA coatings filled with EG.

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Synergistic effect of carbon and phosphorus flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foams

Cited by 25 publications

References 27 publications

Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Structure and Flame-Retardant Actions of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Expandable Graphite

Polyurethane coatings based on linseed oil phosphate ester polyols with intumescent flame retardants

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