Synergistic and antagonistic effects of insecticide binary mixtures against house flies (Musca domestica)

Abstract

The house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Muscidae), is known as a globally distributed parasite with veterinary and medical importance and the ability to develop resistance to insecticides Insecticide mixtures can contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of existing insecticides against house flies and to implementing insecticide resistance management. The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of four insecticides with different modes of action, applied alone and in binary mixtures, against adults of the M. domestica laboratory strain by no-choice feeding bioassays. The interaction patterns of neonicotinoid acetamiprid, phenylpyrazole fipronil, avermectin ivermectin, and pyrrole chlorfenapyr in the binary mixtures were likewise analyzed by calculating the combination indices to find out combinations with the synergistic effect. The analysis of values of insecticide lethal concentrations for 50% mortality revealed that the toxicity of acetamiprid, fipronil, and ivermectin increased in the binary mixtures compared to when they applied alone, while the toxicity of chlorfenapyr depended on the second insecticide in the mixtures. The combination index values of five insecticide mixtures, fipronil/acetamiprid (1:10), fipronil/chlorfenapyr (1:4), ivermectin/acetamiprid (1:2.5), ivermectin/chlorfenapyr (1:3 and 1:10) were <1, which displays a synergism. Three insecticide mixtures, acetamiprid/chlorfenapyr (1:4), fipronil/ivermectin (1:4), fipronil/chlorfenapyr (1:40), had combination index values >1, which indicates an antagonism. The fipronil/chlorfenapyr (1:4) mixture was the more toxic to adults of M. domestica. The ivermectin/chlorfenapyr (1:10) mixture and the ivermectin/acetamiprid (1:2.5) mixture produced the highest synergistic effects. The results of the present study suggest that the interaction patterns (synergistic or antagonistic) in the insecticide mixtures can depend on both the combination of insecticides and their ratio. Further studies are required in order to evaluate the synergistic combinations against field populations of M. domestica.

Efficiency of Certain Neonicotinoid Mixtures Against the Cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora (Koch)

“…Mixtures with a 5:1 ratio (thiamethoxam: abamectin) showed an additive effect, whereas mixtures with a 1:1 ratio showed strong synergism. Similarly, (Levchenko and Silivanova, 2019) found that a 1:2.5 ivermectin/acetamiprid mixture had strong synergistic effects. Furthermore, the combination of abamectin and thiamethoxam had the highest residual toxicity against the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) (Vanaclocha et al, 2019).…”

The Binary Mixtures of Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Chlorfenapyr, and Abamectin, against the House Fly Larvae, Musca domestica L.

“…Our data confirmed that the abamectin/chlorfenapyr mixture could be used as a promise integrated resistance management strategies and reduce the amount of insecticides used, reducing environmental pollution and pesticide hazards to humans [ 51 , 54 ]. Also, ivermectin/chlorfenapyr combination at ratio 1:10 have a synergistic effect against adult house fly [ 10 ].…”

“…This finding was proven in a previous study, where they discovered an antagonistic effect on chlorfenapyr toxicity in synergism trials with piperonyl butoxide [ 48 ]. Whereas, in other papers, they found that chlorfenapyr has an antagonistic effect when mixed with acetamiprid and fipronil against the adult of M. domestica [ 10 ]. However, a 5 ng/mL chlorfenapyr mixture and 500 ng/mL cypermethrin gave a slight synergistic effect when tested on cypermethrin-resistant mosquitoes [ 48 ].…”

“…On the other hand, pesticide mixing can be applied through Integrated Pest Management [ 8 , 9 ]. Mixing ivermectin with chlorfenapyr, lambda-cyhalothrin with nitenpyram, and acetamiprid with profenofos showed a synergistic interaction against house flies [ 8 , 10 ]. In this context, a synergism between pyrethroid and carbamate has been recorded, too, in Culex quinquefasciatus [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Impact of Insecticides at Sublethal Concentrations on the Enzyme Activities in Adult Musca domestica L.

“…in America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, Africa, and the Middle East [ 13 , 14 ]. A previous study showed the synergistic interaction pattern in the fipronil/chlorfenapyr (1:4) mixture against the adults of houseflies ( Musca domestica L.) [ 15 ]. Thus, chlorfenapyr and fipronil (in toxic bait formulations) may serve as an alternative to common insecticides against the adults of M. domestica .…”