The Binary Mixtures of Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Chlorfenapyr, and Abamectin, against the House Fly Larvae, Musca domestica L.

Abstract

The house fly Musca domestica L. is one of the medical and veterinary pests that can develop resistance to different insecticides. Mixing insecticides is a new strategy for accelerating pest control; furthermore, it can overcome insect resistance to insecticides. This study aims to evaluate three insecticides, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, individually and their binary mixtures against 2nd instar larvae of M. domestica laboratory strain. Chlorfenapyr exhibited the most toxic effect on larvae, followed by abamectin then the lambda-cyhalothrin. The half-lethal concentrations (LC50) values were 3.65, 30.6, and 94.89 ppm, respectively. These results revealed that the high potentiation effect was the mixture of abamectin/chlorfenapyr in all the mixing ratios. In contrast, the tested combination of lambda-cyhalothrin/abamectin showed an antagonism effect at all mixing ratios against house fly larvae. The total protein, esterases, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P-450 activity were also measured in the current investigation in the larvae treated with chlorfenapyr. Our results indicate that GST may play a role in detoxifying chlorfenapyr in M. domestica larvae. The highest activity of glutathione-S-transferase was achieved in treated larvae with chlorfenapyr, and an increase in cytochrome P-450 activity in the larvae was observed post-treatment with Abamectin/chlorfenapyr.

TestingAnopheleslarvae and adults using standard bioassays reveals susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) while highlighting variability between species

“…The toxicity of chlorfenapyr has been tested on immature stages of various insect pests using diverse routes of exposure (41)(42)(43)(44). Regarding mosquitoes, Yuan et al, 2015 (45) measured a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 35 ng/ml after 24 h by dipping early fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens in 200 ml water containing a concentration of chlorfenapyr.…”

Residual Behavior and Dietary Risk Assessment of Chlorfenapyr and Its Metabolites in Radish

“…In China, chlorfenapyr has been registered and used on crops such as vegetables, fruits, tea trees and ornamental chrysanthemums. The irrational use of pesticides caused by the resistance of insect pests [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] leads to the increasingly serious residual contamination of chlorfenapyr [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ] in vegetables and other agricultural products. This poses a potential threat to non-target organisms [ 14 , 15 ] and human health [ 16 , 17 ].…”

An Antenna-Abundant Glutathione S-Transferase BdGSTd8 Participates in Detoxification of Two Organophosphorus Insecticides in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

“…The oriental fruit fly , Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a dangerous and invasive agricultural pest that damages many fruits and vegetable crops . Various neurotoxic insecticides, including organophosphorus, neonicotinoid, pyrethroid, and macrolides are commonly used to control dipteran pests, but they have shown various degrees of resistance in the last few decades . Among these, organophosphorus is the most widely used insecticide class in the world because it possesses high specific toxicity to insects and low toxicity to mammals .…”