The house fly Musca domestica L. is one of the medical and veterinary pests that can develop resistance to different insecticides. Mixing insecticides is a new strategy for accelerating pest control; furthermore, it can overcome insect resistance to insecticides. This study aims to evaluate three insecticides, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, individually and their binary mixtures against 2nd instar larvae of M. domestica laboratory strain. Chlorfenapyr exhibited the most toxic effect on larvae, followed by abamectin then the lambda-cyhalothrin. The half-lethal concentrations (LC50) values were 3.65, 30.6, and 94.89 ppm, respectively. These results revealed that the high potentiation effect was the mixture of abamectin/chlorfenapyr in all the mixing ratios. In contrast, the tested combination of lambda-cyhalothrin/abamectin showed an antagonism effect at all mixing ratios against house fly larvae. The total protein, esterases, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P-450 activity were also measured in the current investigation in the larvae treated with chlorfenapyr. Our results indicate that GST may play a role in detoxifying chlorfenapyr in M. domestica larvae. The highest activity of glutathione-S-transferase was achieved in treated larvae with chlorfenapyr, and an increase in cytochrome P-450 activity in the larvae was observed post-treatment with Abamectin/chlorfenapyr.

The effect of Zingiber officinale was studied on mortality percentages and cocoon shell ratio of silkworm, Bombyx mori during spring season of 2015 at Plant Protec. Dept. Fac. of Agric., El Fayoum Univ. The powder of Z. officinale was dissolved in distilled water to prepare different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/ml.). In the present study, results showed that, the concentration 20 mg/ml. of Z. officinale occupied the first category to reduce 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd instars mortality percentages. While 40 mg/ml. of Z. officinale occupied the first category for reducing 4 th & 5 th instars mortality percentages and improving cocoon shell ratio. NTRODUCTIONThe mulberry silk worm (Bombyx mori L.) is of great economic importance as a foreign exchange earner for many silk producing countries. It is a beneficial insect reared for the valuable commodity silk. Diseases attack the silkworm of all stadiums, and can inhibit the silkworm rearing (Krishnaswami et al., 1992).In tropical countries, mulberry silk worm is continuously reared and this makes it highly susceptible to pathogens and hence occurrence of diseases is a major constraint (Samson et al., 1998) . Zingiber officinale is one of the important medicinal plant, the major active components is gingerol [5.hydroxy.1.(4.hydroxy.3.methoxy phenyl) decan.3.one] is the most abundant constituent in the gingerol series. The powdered rhizome contains 3.6% fatty oil, 9%protein, 60.70% carbohydrates, 3.8% crude fiber, about 8% ash, 9.12% water and 2.3% volatile oil (Kiuchi et al., 1993) and (Mustafa et al., 1993). Through out serving it was found that the promotional literature related to use aromatic and medicinal plant parts on B. mori characters were low. Therefore, the present study has been planned to determine, the effect of Zingiber officinale on some parameters of silkworm, B. mori L. MATERIALS AND METHODSZingiber officinale was examined on mortality percentages and cocoon shell ratio of silkworm, Bombyx mori during spring season of 2015 at Plant Protec. Dept. Fac. of Agric., El Fayoum Univ. Egg box of silkworm, B. mori (Egyptian hybrid) were obtained from the Seric. Res. Dept., Plant Protec. Res. Inst, Agric. Res. Center. Dokki, Giza. Powder (dried rhizome) of Z. officinale were dissolved in distilled water to prepare different concentrations.

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Effect of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnoses, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus acidophilus) as food additives on some parameters of Bombyx mori L. was carried out . Experimental product of Lactic acid bacteria was dissolved in distilled water to prepare one concentration (5mg/ml.) from bacteria in addition to yoghurt and milk. The obtained results showed that, Lactobacillus acidophilus occupied the first category for improving the most studied parameters of B. mori when comparing to control. Where the 5th instar larval weights were 2.159g compared to 2.002 g in control , effective rate of rearing recorded 82.00% compared to 78.00% in control and total haemolymph protein recorded 64.00mg/ml. compared to 60.99mg/ml. in control. Cocoon indices registered 1.101 g, 0.209 g and 18.98% for cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell ratio comparing to 1.005 g, 0.177 g and 17.61% for the control respectively. INTRODUCTIONThe silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori belonging to the Family Bombycidae. It is an important economic insect since it is the producer of silk. Sericulture or silk farming is the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk although there are several commercial species of silkworms, Bombyx mori is the most widely used and intensively studied.Probiotics are organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance (Parker, 1974). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of Gram-positive, non-sporulating bacteria that includes species of Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Streptococcus. Dietary LAB refers to those species and strains that are used in food and feed fermentation processes. The term LAB does not reflect a phyletic class, but rather a group of organisms that are defined by their ability to produce a common end product lactic acid from the fermentation of sugars. LAB have limited biosynthetic abilities, and require pre-formed amino acids, B vitamins, purines, pyrimidines and, usually a sugar as a carbon and energy source. These nutritional requirements restrict their habitats to those in which the required compounds are abundant (Oh et al., 2000). The gut probiotics are involved in the digestive utilization of feeds and detoxification of metabolite, stimulation of non-specific immune system.

The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between insects and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net

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Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa as food additives on rearing performance of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. was studied. Dried flowers of H. sabdariffa were crushed and soaked in distilled water to prepare different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml.). The obtained results showed that, the concentration 60 mg/ml. of H. sabdariffa occupied the first category. Where effective rate of rearing recorded 84.00% compared to 76.00% in control, total haemolymph protein mg/ml. recorded 70.54mg/ml. compared to 64.52mg/ml. in control and number of eggs / female recorded 284.00 compared to 262.00 in control. Cocoon indices were 1.165 g, 0.229 g and 19.66% for cocoon, cocoon shell weights and cocoon shell ratio comparing to 1.067 g, 0.169 g and 17.71% for the control, respectively. INTRODUCTIONThe mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L is monophagous, feeding only on mulberry leaves, there are about 1000 varieties of silkworm (Barnet, 1963), among them bivoltine and multivoltine races are used for rearing in our country (Krishnaswami et al., 1973). Plant derived medicines have been part of our traditional health care in most parts of the world and there has now been an increasing interest in using plants as the sources of agents to fight microbial diseases (Sandhya et al.,2006). Hibiscus sabdariffa is very important medicinal plant , the chemical analysis of calyx revealed that, it contained protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A and ascorbic acid (Adegunloye et al.,1996). Various antioxidant constituents are found in the calyx and flower petals of roselle, such as anthocyanins, quercetin, ascorbic acid, ß-sitosteroid glycoside and protocatechuic acid (Salah et al.,2002). The present study has been planned to determine the effect of H. sabdariffa as food additives on rearing performance of silkworm , B. mori, L. MATERIALS AND METHODSDuring spring season of 2015 at Plant Protection Dept. Fac. of Agric., El Fayoum Univ. The effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on rearing performance of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., was studied. Egg box of silkworm, B. mori L. (Egyptian hybrid) was obtained from the Seric. Res. Dept., Plant Protec. Res. Inst, Agric. Res. Center. Dokki, Giza. Dried flowers of H. sabdariffa was obtained from pharmacy and were crushed and soaked in distilled water to prepare different concentrations. Larvae of B. mori L. were reared on fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba var. indicia)

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