Syn-thrusting, near-surface flexural-slipping and stress deflection along folded sedimentary layers of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline (Pyrenees, Spain)

Abstract

Abstract. In the Spanish Pyrenees, the Sant Corneli-Bóixols thrust-related anticline displays an outstandingly preserved growth strata sequence. These strata lie on top of a major unconformity exposed at the anticline's forelimb that divides and decouples a lower pre-folding unit from an upper syn-folding one. The former consists of steeply dipping to overturned strata with widespread bedding-parallel slip indicative of folding by flexural slip, whereas the syn-folding strata above define a 200 m amplitude fold. In the inner and outer sectors of the forelimb, both pre- and syn-folding strata are near vertical to overturned and the unconformity angle ranges from 10 to 30°. In the central portion of the forelimb, syn-folding layers are gently dipping, whereas the angular unconformity is about 90° and the unconformity surface displays strong S–C shear structures, which provide a top-to-foreland slip sense. This sheared unconformity is offset by steeply dipping faults, which are at low angles to the underlying layers of the pre-folding unit. Strong shearing along the unconformity surface also occurred in the inner sector of the forelimb, with S–C structures providing an opposite, top-to-hinterland slip sense. Cross-cutting relationships and slip senses along the pre-folding bedding surfaces and the unconformity indicate that regardless of its orientation, layering in the pre- and syn-folding sequences of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline were continuously slipped. This slipping promoted an intense stress deflection, with the maximum component of the stress tensor remaining at low angles to bedding during most of the folding process.

How do horizontal, frictional discontinuities affect reverse fault-propagation folding?

“…similar to the propagation rate seen in an isotropic material. These observations are in agreement with those coming from analog models in extensional settings or inferred from mechanical models of reverse faults (e.g., Cooke and Pollard, 1997;Roering et al, 1997) and from field observation (Tavani et al, 2017). The acceleration of the propagation rate below a discontinuity is directly related both to the friction (e.g., Roering et al, 1997) and to the amount of slip along the fault .…”