Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Hua, Yi; Zhou, Sida; Huang, Yi; Liu, Xinhua; Ling, Heping; Zhou, Xinan; Zhang, Cheng; Yang, Shichun

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753

Cited by 107 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(230 reference statements)

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“…Within the scope of LIBs recycling based on metallurgical approaches and regeneration of electrode materials, recent analyses have emphasized standardized processes and policy regulation for establishing a sustainable value chain. [4,283] Nevertheless, even an improved value chain cannot overcome in the long term the intrinsic limitations originating from recycling methods that are not aligned within Green Chemistry. Taking metallurgical recycling methods as the basis, Bai et al have proposed the concept of a battery identity global passport to document the battery composition in order to enable recyclers better battery diagnostics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Li‐Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Piątek

Afyon

Budnyak

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

172

139

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003456.footprint of LIBs by designing their components that are less toxic and more abundant, the inevitable recycling is still largely in disagreement with circular principles. [1,2] This review summarizes and critically assesses current LIB recycling technologies from a sustainable perspective in order to derive whether current solutions can be referred as green technologies. The structure of the present review contains an introduction to the historical evolution of Li-based storage devices and recent issues in the supply chain of critical raw materials (CRMs) (Section 1), before focusing on chemical recycling strategies. This section shall deliver the mandatory input parameters for the subsequent analysis of LIBs recycling technologies to the reader. The review's primary focus is on the chemical aspects of LIBs recycling rather than technological aspects of recycling, and we refer readers to recently published reviews for the latter. [3,4] The second section encompasses conventional recycling methods and includes besides published articles in peer-reviewed journal also recycling solutions that were patented. Given the high economic importance of recycling business models, it is not surprising that many prospective solutions are only available in form of patent applications rather than being published in scientific journals. The third section expands recycling to sustainable recycling that ensures both a reduced toxicity and a close to CO 2 -neutral process. The fourth section elucidates the impact of using renewable materials on the chemistry of recycling processes of LIBs. The fifth section spans the connection of LIBs recycling to future Li-based energy storage devices. The final section concludes with an outlook to the future of sustainable recycling. The review considers only previously reported work that either i) describes the experimental details or ii) offers a reference to patents that describe the experimental procedure. Although we do not neglect the importance of published reports that may not fulfill the abovementioned requirements, we strongly believe that the latter are necessary for the development of sustainable recycling process ensuring reproducibility. Technology of LIBsThe light molar weight of lithium (M = 6.94 g mol −1 and density ρ = 0.53 g cm −3 ) and the most negative potential among metals (−3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) of the Li + /Li

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Li‐Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Piątek

Afyon

Budnyak

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

172

139

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“…Material recovery from the EoL batteries is the preferred option over the other disposal routes 9,25,26 since LIBs are now considered a strategically valuable waste stream containing relatively valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel or lithium 27,28 . These are of significant value, especially in light of the shrinking global supply of critical materials [29][30][31][32] .…”

Section: Low Recovery Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Mrozik

Rajaeifar

Heidrich

et al. 2021

Energy Environ. Sci.

265

117

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“…This circular economy concept will lead to more cost-effective devices, creating a more competitive and greener economy, and reducing the need to extract and process natural resources continuously. Additionally, the reduction in the production of new materials and the use of less energy demanding processes will further promote environmental sustainability by lowering the current dependence on the carbon fossil fuels [115].…”

Section: Recycling Strategies: Direct Recycling Pyro-and Hydrometallurgical Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%