Sustainable Li‐Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Piątek, Jędrzej; Afyon, Semih; Budnyak, Tetyana M.; Budnyk, Serhiy; Sipponen, Mika H.; Slabon, Adam

doi:10.1002/aenm.202003456

Cited by 204 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 261 publications

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“…Numerous reviews have been published within the last couple of years, in which various recycling methods under development are critically analyzed. [21,94,95,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] While an indepth review of recycling methods is beyond the scope of the work presented herein, the technologies under development are briefly discussed and the trends in challenges identified and future outlooks proposed within a series of reviews are considered.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lack of labeling systems on battery packs makes pre-sorting challenging and introduces additional safety concerns as LIBs can enter Pb-acid battery waste streams accidentally. [101] Of the reviews considered, [21,94,95,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] the technical barriers to widespread adoption of LIB recycling identified were ubiquitous, with each highlighting the need for; 1) sufficient labeling systems for easy identification, 2) standardization of cell material, cell design and processing, and/or greater flexibility in the recycling processes, 3) minimization of components, 4) screening, health monitoring and sorting methods and 5) automation in the disassembly line. It was acknowledged by the majority of reviews that many of these challenges require necessary intervention from policy-makers to provide a clear recycling industry chain and introduce sufficient regulations for the safe transport and handling of waste LIBs.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

187

100

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tation currently accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. [1] Electric vehicles (EVs) thus represent a rapidly expanding market, with at least 20% of road vehicles estimated to be electrically powered by 2030. [1] LIB technology takes great prominence within the automobile industry, due to its unbeatable electrochemical performance and lightweight, portable nature. Its impressive performance can be attributed, in part, to the low weight and small ionic radius of the Li + ions (0.76 Å), allowing fast ion transport. This fast transport, along with its low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), [2] allows for high power density as well as volumetric and gravimetric capacity. Such properties are of critical importance for EVs. [3] With the increased demand for high energy density LIBs for EVs, comes reductions in battery cost and subsequent volatility in material supply. In light of the immense scale of transport electrification that is being proposed in order to meet CO 2 emission targets, considerable attention is being directed toward the socioenvironmental and economic impact of such an increase in material demand. Of particular focus are lithium-ion cathode materials, many of which are composed of lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co), in varying concentrations (Figure 1a). The cathode constitutes more than 20% of LIB's overall cost and is a key factor in determining the energy and power density of the battery (Figure 1b). [3,4] It is, therefore, vital to maximise the cathode's performance while minimizing its cost, to make EVs more accessible for society.The high cost of cathode materials is largely attributed to the presence of cobalt-a rare and expensive element mined primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-which has been deemed necessary in the past to deliver high energy densities in LIBs. For example, the active material within the commercial NMC111 cathode (LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 ) costs ca. £17 kg −1 , producing 3.88 kWh kg −1 . [5] This high cost is largely attributed to the relatively large amount of cobalt within the electrode (£ 25 kg −1 ). [6] This cost is over 350 times greater than that of iron (£0.068 kg −1 ), [7] which reflects its relative high natural abundance. A combination of political instability within the DRC, social impacts within the mining sector, and supply chain volatility and ambiguity have driven a decrease in cobalt content in NMC cathodes (e.g., going from NMC 111 to NMC811 (LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 )) and zero-cobalt alternatives such as LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 spinels, LiMO 2 disordered rocksalts and Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology required to meet CO 2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change. Positive electrode (cathode) materials within such batteries are rich in critical metals-particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The large-scale mining of such metals, to meet increasing battery demands, poses con...

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Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

187

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The last decades have witnessed a massive spurt of rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in electrifying our modern lives ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles [1][2][3][4]. While the global renewable energy campaign to 'Net Zero' further promotes the application of LIBs in the emerging market of energy storage [5,6], the market also has shown persisting requirement on higher energy density and more cost-effectiveness by seeking the alternative rechargeable battery products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible Magnesium Metal Anode Enabled by Cooperative Solvation/Surface Engineering in Carbonate Electrolytes

Wang

Huang

et al. 2021

Nano-Micro Lett.

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Magnesium metal anode holds great potentials toward future high energy and safe rechargeable magnesium battery technology due to its divalent redox and dendrite-free nature. Electrolytes based on Lewis acid chemistry enable the reversible Mg plating/stripping, while they fail to match most cathode materials toward high-voltage magnesium batteries. Herein, reversible Mg plating/stripping is achieved in conventional carbonate electrolytes enabled by the cooperative solvation/surface engineering. Strongly electronegative Cl from the MgCl2 additive of electrolyte impairs the Mg…O = C interaction to reduce the Mg2+ desolvation barrier for accelerated redox kinetics, while the Mg2+-conducting polymer coating on the Mg surface ensures the facile Mg2+ migration and the effective isolation of electrolytes. As a result, reversible plating and stripping of Mg is demonstrated with a low overpotential of 0.7 V up to 2000 cycles. Moreover, benefitting from the wide electrochemical window of carbonate electrolytes, high-voltage (> 2.0 V) rechargeable magnesium batteries are achieved through assembling the electrode couple of Mg metal anode and Prussian blue-based cathodes. The present work provides a cooperative engineering strategy to promote the application of magnesium anode in carbonate electrolytes toward high energy rechargeable batteries.

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“…This motivated a great revolution in the development of electrodes with high volumetric/gravimetric energy density and long-term cycle life [ 7 , 8 ]. Hence, satisfying the ever-increasing demand for LIBs is urgent and vital for many industries as well as society [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Materials comprising the major components of electrodes are tightly linked to the demand and the market prospects for LIBs [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Design of Effective Binders for LiFePO4 Cathodes

Huang

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Polymer binders are critical auxiliary additives to Li-ion batteries that provide adhesion and cohesion for electrodes to maintain conductive networks upon charge/discharge processes. Therefore, polymer binders become interconnected electrode structures affecting electrochemical performances, especially in LiFePO4 cathodes with one-dimensional Li+ channels. In this paper, recent improvements in the polymer binders used in the LiFePO4 cathodes of Li-ion batteries are reviewed in terms of structural design, synthetic methods, and working mechanisms. The polymer binders were classified into three types depending on their effects on the performances of LiFePO4 cathodes. The first consisted of PVDF and related composites, and the second relied on waterborne and conductive binders. Profound insights into the ability of binder structures to enhance cathode performance were discovered. Overcoming the bottleneck shortage originating from olivine structure LiFePO4 using efficient polymer structures is discussed. We forecast design principles for the polymer binders used in the high-performance LiFePO4 cathodes of Li-ion batteries. Finally, perspectives on the application of future binder designs for electrodes with poor conductivity are presented to provide possible design directions for chemical structures.

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Sustainable Li‐Ion Batteries: Chemistry and Recycling

Cited by 204 publications

References 261 publications

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Reversible Magnesium Metal Anode Enabled by Cooperative Solvation/Surface Engineering in Carbonate Electrolytes

Rational Design of Effective Binders for LiFePO4 Cathodes

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