Sustainable Green Process for Environmentally Viable Perovskite Solar Cells

Kim, Hui‐Seon; An, Youn‐Joo; Kwak, Jin Il; Kim, Hee Jung; Jung, Hyun Suk; Park, Nam‐Gyu

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02836

Cited by 47 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Implementation of green chemistry in terms of green solvents manufacturing processes and recycling technologies is indispensable to reduce the impact of Pb contamination of PSCs on the environmental safety and human health. [ 183 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Pb Management in Perovskite Solar Cells toward Eco‐Friendly Development

Luo

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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of human society. Clean and green solar energy could be converted into electric energy through photovoltaic technologies. This can provide a green and sustainable way for energy utilization. [1][2][3] Inorganicorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered to be one of the most promising photovoltaic applications, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] owing to the favorable properties of perovskite materials, such as tunable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, large bipolar mobility, long carrier diffusion length, small exciton binding energy and high defect tolerance. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has reached 25.7% based on Pb-based perovskites, which has exceeded that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells and exhibited huge a market prospect. [19] However, these perovskite films are prone to be decomposed into the toxic heavy-metal compounds of PbI 2 , Pb, or PbO, etc. because of the uncontrollable environmental condition, including high temperature, high humidity, and strong sunlight. [20,21] The toxicity of Pb leaking from perovskite film has become one of the main obstacles toward commercialization. [22] There have been extensive endeavors to replace Pb with Sn to make the perovskite active layer less toxic, however, Sn-based PSCs demonstrate inferior efficiency and stability compared with their Pb-based counterparts. Thus, the Pb-based perovskites are still indispensable for guaranteeing excellent photoelectric properties and would be the main force of future large-scale applications.The photovoltaic market has been growing rapidly for alleviating energy scarcity and mitigating climate change. The cumulative solar capacity in 2020 reaches ≈773.2 GW around the world. [23] If 20% of this solar capacity is occupied by perovskite solar panels with 500 nm Pb-based perovskite film and ≈20% PCE, 541.24 tons of Pb would be consumed considering ≈0.70 g m −2 of Pb content. [24,25] The widespread deployment of PSCs would provoke a terrible environmental pollution without proper Pb management. World Health Organization (WHO) and many countries have reached a broad consensus on the restriction of the Pb pollution and established strict environmental standards on the Pb usage. Besides, international organizations such as the European Union have also formulated relevant regulations for the management and regulation of waste electrical and electronic equipment, requiring producers to take responsibility for collecting and recycling apparatus waste. [26] Therefore, sustainable Pb management is an essential prerequisite for the commercialization of PSCs. Pb-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies for commercialization have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. However, the toxicity and leakage of heavy metal Pb from perovskite film have become critical obstacles for eco-friendly development. Extreme weather conditions such as heavy rain, high temperature, or strong sunlight may accelerate the undesired decomp...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Pb Management in Perovskite Solar Cells toward Eco‐Friendly Development

Luo

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…For example, though chlorobenzene (CB) is an excellent solvent for hole transport materials (HTMs) or electron transport materials (ETMs), it is well regarded as a severe contaminant. It exhibits a high level of toxicity to the human body and environment. , Thus, the demand for using green solvents, defined as nonhalogenated solvents in this work, for manufacturing fPSCs or other types of PSCs is essential for their future commercialization. , Some other groups started synthesizing new organic HTMs, which can match well with green solvents. Zhu and co-workers developed F23, a new HTM, and successfully processed them with a green solvent, tetrahydrofuran (THF), to prepare high-performance PSCs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11−13 Though most efforts focus on enhancing the fPSCs' PCEs and stabilities, another issue that needs to be addressed is minimizing the environmental impact of toxic solvents during the fabrication of fPSCs and other PSCs. 14 For example, though chlorobenzene (CB) is an excellent solvent for hole transport materials (HTMs) or electron transport materials (ETMs), it is well regarded as a severe contaminant. It exhibits a high level of toxicity to the human body and environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green-Solvent Engineering for Depositing Qualified Phenyl-C61-butyl Acid Methyl Ester Films for Inverted Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Kong

Wang

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Flexible perovskite solar cells (fPSCs) with the inverted structure (p-i-n structure) show a promising commercialization future, owing to their lightweight and high efficiencies. Phenyl-C61-butyric-acid methyl ester (PCBM) is widely used as the n-type material due to its excellent conductivity and solvent processability. However, the commonly used chlorobenzene (CB), as the solvent of PCBM solution, is well recognized as a halogenated contaminant in the environment and is harmful to human health. There is an imperative need to develop nonhalogenated green solvents to replace CB. This work discusses the selection of green solvents based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs). It is found that 2-methylanisole (2-MEA) acts as an excellent alternative to CB, with which high-quality PCBM films could be deposited. The experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that 2-MEA can suppress the formation of PCBM aggregations during the solvation process compared with CB. The more uniform PCBM film achieved from the 2-MEA solution benefits carrier extraction at the electronic transport layer (ETL)/ perovskite interface. As a result, better efficiencies are received among fPSCs based on the 2-MEA-processed PCBM, superior to that of the fPSCs based on the CB-processed PCBM. Moreover, using 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) as a solvent additive is proven to further increase the solubility of PCBM in the 2-MEA solution, resulting in enhanced efficiencies of the flexible PSCs by more than 5% (from 19.25 to 20.30%). The developed green-solvent strategy is of great importance for the future large-scale production of environmentally sustainable fPSCs.

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“…Although Pb immobilization can avoid the Pb fleeing and thus toxicity to a certain degree, in fact, Pb still survives in the obsolete perovskite layer of end-of-life PSC. Recovering full Pb from the obsolete perovskite layer is a root for thoroughly eliminating the potential long-term threat of residual Pb to the environment. − Recently, several routes to recover Pb from obsolete perovskite layers have been carried out. Park and co-workers reported an iron-incorporated hydroxyapatite as a new adsorbent to recover PbI 2 from perovskite-containing N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full Life-Cycle Lead Management and Recycling Transparent Conductors for Low-Cost Perovskite Solar Cell

Deng

Sun

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Realizing a full life-cycle management for toxic lead (Pb) and reducing material/manufacture cost are the key steps in determining the commercialization process of perovskite photovoltaics. In this work, we develop full lifecycle material management for a carbon-based perovskite solar cell (C-PSC) to immobilize and recover Pb against environmental pollution, followed by refabrication of C-PSC based on recovered materials and recycled transparent conductors from obsolete devices. Pb immobilization is first achieved by a strong coordination interaction between undercoordinated Pb ions from perovskite and a C�O bond from green pseudohalide ions (pseudo-X), and the resulting C-PSC with the structure of ITO/SnO 2 /pseudo-Xperovskite/carbon yields an efficiency of 16.63%. Pb from an endof-life C-PSC is then recovered by dissolving the obsolete perovskite layer into DMF/DMSO precursor solvent, followed by replenishing a certain amount of MAI to guarantee new perovskite layer formation. The refabricated C-PSC based on recovered perovskite and a recycled transparent conductor displays comparable efficiency (15.30%) to that of C-PSC with commercial raw materials, also exceeding the previous efficiency record for C-PSCs based on recycled materials. Such refabricated C-PSC is relatively low-cost.

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Sustainable Green Process for Environmentally Viable Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 47 publications

References 156 publications

Sustainable Pb Management in Perovskite Solar Cells toward Eco‐Friendly Development

Sustainable Pb Management in Perovskite Solar Cells toward Eco‐Friendly Development

Green-Solvent Engineering for Depositing Qualified Phenyl-C61-butyl Acid Methyl Ester Films for Inverted Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Full Life-Cycle Lead Management and Recycling Transparent Conductors for Low-Cost Perovskite Solar Cell

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