of human society. Clean and green solar energy could be converted into electric energy through photovoltaic technologies. This can provide a green and sustainable way for energy utilization. [1][2][3] Inorganicorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered to be one of the most promising photovoltaic applications, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] owing to the favorable properties of perovskite materials, such as tunable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, large bipolar mobility, long carrier diffusion length, small exciton binding energy and high defect tolerance. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has reached 25.7% based on Pb-based perovskites, which has exceeded that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells and exhibited huge a market prospect. [19] However, these perovskite films are prone to be decomposed into the toxic heavy-metal compounds of PbI 2 , Pb, or PbO, etc. because of the uncontrollable environmental condition, including high temperature, high humidity, and strong sunlight. [20,21] The toxicity of Pb leaking from perovskite film has become one of the main obstacles toward commercialization. [22] There have been extensive endeavors to replace Pb with Sn to make the perovskite active layer less toxic, however, Sn-based PSCs demonstrate inferior efficiency and stability compared with their Pb-based counterparts. Thus, the Pb-based perovskites are still indispensable for guaranteeing excellent photoelectric properties and would be the main force of future large-scale applications.The photovoltaic market has been growing rapidly for alleviating energy scarcity and mitigating climate change. The cumulative solar capacity in 2020 reaches ≈773.2 GW around the world. [23] If 20% of this solar capacity is occupied by perovskite solar panels with 500 nm Pb-based perovskite film and ≈20% PCE, 541.24 tons of Pb would be consumed considering ≈0.70 g m −2 of Pb content. [24,25] The widespread deployment of PSCs would provoke a terrible environmental pollution without proper Pb management. World Health Organization (WHO) and many countries have reached a broad consensus on the restriction of the Pb pollution and established strict environmental standards on the Pb usage. Besides, international organizations such as the European Union have also formulated relevant regulations for the management and regulation of waste electrical and electronic equipment, requiring producers to take responsibility for collecting and recycling apparatus waste. [26] Therefore, sustainable Pb management is an essential prerequisite for the commercialization of PSCs. Pb-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies for commercialization have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. However, the toxicity and leakage of heavy metal Pb from perovskite film have become critical obstacles for eco-friendly development. Extreme weather conditions such as heavy rain, high temperature, or strong sunlight may accelerate the undesired decomp...
The two-step sequentially deposition strategy has been widely used to produce high-performance FAPbI 3 -based solar cells. However, due to the rapid reaction between PbI 2 and FAI, a dense perovskite film forms on top of the PbI 2 layer immediately and blocks the FAI diffusion into the bottom of the PbI 2 film for a complete reaction, which results in a low-efficiency and limited reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, high-quality α-FAPbI 3 perovskite films by crystal growth regulation with 4-fluorobenzamide additives is fabricated. The additives can interact with FAI to suppress the fast reaction between the FAI and PbI 2 and effectively passivate the under-coordinated Pb 2+ or Idefects. As a result, α-FAPbI 3 perovskite films with low trap density and large grain size are prepared. The modified PSCs present a highpower conversion efficiency of 24.08%, maintaining 90% of their initial efficiency after 1400 h in high humidity. This study provides an efficient strategy of synergistic crystallization and passivation to form high-quality α-FAPbI 3 films for high-performance PSCs.
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