Sustainability of Permanent Rare Earth Magnet Motors in (H)EV Industry

Bailey, Gwendolyn; Mancheri, Nabeel A; Acker, Karel Van

doi:10.1007/s40831-017-0118-4

Cited by 54 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Considering the hidden recovery potential of metal material flow, the stability risk of the supply chain can be greatly reduced, particularly for lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO 4 ) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese acid (NMC) [109]. However, there is also a material flow, namely, of permanent magnet rare earth, with low consumption but huge stability and environmental and social risks because of its specific suppliers [100,110].…”

Section: Production Stage Materials Extraction and Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Wang

Tang

2022

Sustainability

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New energy vehicles (NEVs), especially electric vehicles (EVs), address the important task of reducing the greenhouse effect. It is particularly important to measure the environmental efficiency of new energy vehicles, and the life cycle analysis (LCA) model provides a comprehensive evaluation method of environmental efficiency. To provide researchers with knowledge regarding the research trends of LCA in NEVs, a total of 282 related studies were counted from the Web of Science database and analyzed regarding their research contents, research preferences, and research trends. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the stages of energy resource extraction and collection, carrier production and energy transportation, maintenance, and replacement are not considered to be research links. The stages of material, equipment, and car transportation and operation equipment settling, and forms of use need to be considered in future research. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs), vehicle type classification, the water footprint, battery recovery and reuse, and battery aging are the focus of further research, and comprehensive evaluation combined with more evaluation methods is the direction needed for the optimization of LCA. According to the results of this study regarding EV and hybrid power vehicles (including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and extended range electric vehicles (EREV)), well-to-wheel (WTW) average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been less than those in the same period of gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (GICEV). However, EV and hybrid electric vehicle production CO2 emissions have been greater than those during the same period of GICEV and the total CO2 emissions of EV have been less than during the same period of GICEV.

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Section: Production Stage Materials Extraction and Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Wang

Tang

2022

Sustainability

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“…Bailey et al (2017) [80] showed that the criticality of rare earth elements for permanent magnets in electric vehicles was higher than for batteries. A constant material supply largely depends on improved recovery and recycling methods.…”

Section: Materials Availability and Criticality Assessment In Battery mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

et al. 2020

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Changes in the mobility patterns have evoked concerns about the future availability of certain raw materials necessary to produce alternative drivetrains and related batteries. The goal of this article is to determine if resource use aspects are adequately reflected within life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies of electric vehicles (EV). Overall, 103 LCA studies on electric vehicles from 2009 to 2018 are evaluated regarding their objective, scope, considered impact categories, and assessment methods—with a focus on resource depletion and criticality. The performed analysis shows that only 24 out of 76 EV LCA and 10 out of 27 battery LCA address the issue of resources. The majority of the studies apply one of these methods: CML-IA, ReCiPe, or Eco-Indicator 99. In most studies, EV show higher results for mineral and metal resource depletion than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). The batteries analysis shows that lithium, manganese, copper, and nickel are responsible for the highest burdens. Only few publications approach resource criticality. Although this topic is a serious concern for future mobility, it is currently not comprehensively and consistently considered within LCA studies of electric vehicles. Criticality should be included in the analyses in order to derive results on the potential risks associated with certain resources.

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“…All of these metals are likely to become scarce in the future, but delay in scaling up EV production would reduce peak and cumulative mining requirements, and would also allow time to develop a capability to recycle Nd and Dy from vehicle motors. At present, there is essentially no capability for recycling of Li from vehicles or of Nd and Dy from electric motors of any kind, and recycling of Nd and Dy would be very difficult, as discussed by Bailey et al (2017) .…”

Section: Vehicle Performance Potential and Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking electric vehicle subsidies, rediscovering energy efficiency

Harvey

2020

Energy Policy

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Existing regulations regarding fuel energy intensity (MJ/km, litres/100 km, or its inverse, miles per gallon) of light-duty vehicles (LDVs: cars, SUVs, and pickup trucks) for 2025 or 2030 either fall short of the longterm technical potential, or contain numerous loopholes that undermine their effectiveness. At the same time, governments are subsidizing the purchase of electric vehicles (EVs) while the market share of SUVs and pickup trucks grows. This paper reviews the feasible fuel and/or electricity energy intensity of LDVs, and argues that the severity of impending anthropogenic global warming merits a strong policy approach that (i) prescribes significant improvements in the energy intensity of non-electric LDVs and plugin hybrid EVs (PHEVs) when running on fuel , (ii) is independent of the number of electric vehicles sold, and (iii) is accompanied by an overall limit on fleet-average CO 2 emissions that applies to all manufacturers irrespective of the average size and mass of vehicles sold. Subsidies for EVs should be scaled back or eliminated, relying instead in the near term on deep across-the–board improvements in the fuel efficiency of LDVs that will have beneficial spillover effects on the eventual energy intensity of EVs and mineral requirements following a delayed market scale-up.

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Sustainability of Permanent Rare Earth Magnet Motors in (H)EV Industry

Cited by 54 publications

References 37 publications

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

Rethinking electric vehicle subsidies, rediscovering energy efficiency

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