Sustainability of grazing systems: goals, concepts and methods.

Hodgson, Jarrod C.; Silva, S. C. da

doi:10.1079/9780851994529.0001

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Segundo Hodgson & Da Silva (1999), é necessário o entendimento da dinâmica de crescimento das plantas, de sua importância para o conceito de acúmulo vegetal; de sua utilização sob pastejo, cujo entendimento é a base do conhecimento da estrutura e da fenologia da parte aérea; da dinâmica da estrutura e das folhas; da interceptação da energia solar; do balanço de carbono; do fluxo de tecido e nutrientes e de suas respostas quanto à variação climática, às variáveis edáficas e às estratégias de manejo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejado sob diferentes intensidades e métodos de pastejo

et al. 2006

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RESUMO -Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de intensidades e métodos de pastejo nas características morfogênicas (taxa de elongação de folhas, taxa de surgimento de folhas, tempo de vida da folha) e estruturais (número de folhas verdes, comprimento de folhas e densidade populacional de perfilhos) de azevém em dois ciclos de avaliação.Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de duas intensidades e dois métodos de pastejo (contínuo e rotacionado), em um delineamento em blocos completamente casualizados, em arranjo fatorial com quatro repetições. Foram marcados 30 perfilhos por unidade experimental. As intensidades de pastejo foram responsáveis pelas diferenças encontradas na taxa de elongação de folhas (intensidade baixa resultou em maior taxa de elongação) e nas características estruturais (intensidade baixa resultou em menor densidade populacional de perfilhos, maior comprimento e maior número de folhas vivas por perfilho). Os métodos de pastejo influenciaram as características morfogênicas (o pastejo contínuo resultou em maior taxa de elongação de folhas, mais alta taxa de surgimento e maior tempo de vida das folhas no primeiro ciclo de observação) e estruturais (o pastejo contínuo resultou em maior densidade populacional de perfilhos). Observou-se interação intensidades de pastejo x ciclos de avaliação.A forma de condução do processo de desfolhação, por meio do controle de intensidades e métodos de pastejo, afeta as características morfogênicas e estruturais da pastagem.Palavras-chave: estrutura da pastagem, morfogênese, oferta de forragem, pastejo contínuo, pastejo rotacionado, perfilhos marcados Morphogenetic and structural traits of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) sward managed under different grazing intensities and methods ABSTRACT -The trial was conducted to determine the influences of grazing intensity and grazing method on morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate, leaf lifespan) and structural (number of green leaves, length of leaves and tiller density) traits in italian ryegrass sward. The experimental treatments stemmed from a 2 x 2 factorial combination of two grazing intensities and two grazing methods (continuous and rotational). The experimental design was completely randomized block with four replications. Thirty tillers were marked per experimental unit. The grazing intensity brought about differences in the morphogenic and structural traits of the sward. Low grazing intensity resulted in higher leaf elongation rate and in lower tiller density, higher length of leaves and higher number of live leaves per tiller. The grazing methods influenced the morphogenetic and structural traits. Continuous grazing resulted in higher leaf elongation rate, higher leaf appearance rate, longer leaf lifespan in the first grazing cycle, and in higher tiller density. There was a grazing intensity by grazing cycle interaction. It is concluded that grazing intensity and grazing method exert marked effect on the morphogenetic and structural traits of the gr...

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejado sob diferentes intensidades e métodos de pastejo

et al. 2006

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“…That introduced a change in research paradigm and to how the experimentation with forage plants would be conducted in the country from then onwards. In this new context, sustainability became an important feature, emphasizing pasture stability and productivity as the main goals to be achieved by the idealized management practices, highlighting the importance of rationalization and integration of the existing knowledge and results [74].…”

Section: Forage Grass Research-a Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiology of C4 Forage Grasses—Understanding Plant Growth for Optimising Their Use and Management

2015

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Grazing management has been the focus of the research with forage plants in Brazil for many years. Only in the last two decades, however, significant changes and advances have occurred regarding the understanding of the key factors and processes that determine adequate use of tropical forage plants in pastures. The objective of this review is to provide an historical overview of the research with forage plants and grasslands in Brazil, highlighting advances, trends, and results, as well as to describe the current state of the art and identify future perspectives and challenges. The information is presented in a systematic manner, favoring an integrated view of the different trends and research philosophies. A critical appraisal is given of the need for revision and change of paradigms as a means of improving and consolidating the knowledge on animal production from pastures. Such analysis idealizes efficient, sound and sustainable grazing management practices necessary to realize the existing potential for animal production in the tropics.

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“…This lack of knowledge becomes even more critical when we want to consider and address the plasticity of multispecific sward communities, where specific species responses determine sward dynamics and species equilibrium. Improvement in this area of knowledge would allow a better definition of the potential and limits in the adaptability of sward structure to management [15], and would therefore help to define strategies and conditions allowing grassland sustainability. The objective of the present paper is to give an overview of the current knowledge on the processes underlying plant and sward plasticity in response to defoliation, and to highlight recent findings.…”

Section: Understanding Sward Structure Plasticity: the Need For Integmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defoliation, Shoot Plasticity, Sward Structure and Herbage Utilization in Pasture: Review of the Underlying Ecophysiological Processes

2015

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Sward structure affects herbage growth, pasture species dynamics, and herbage utilization. Defoliation management has a major impact on sward structure. In particular, tiller size-tiller density compensations allow for the maintenance of herbage growth. Tiller size and tiller density are determined by several major morphogenetical components. Defoliation affects these morphogenetical components, depending on its frequency and its intensity, through several direct and indirect physiological and environmental processes. Due to the implications of leaf area removal, defoliation has a direct effect on the mobilization of C and N reserves and their supply to growing leaves. In addition, defoliation has an indirect effect on leaf and tiller morphogenesis, due to its impact on the light environment within the canopy as well as plant responses to light signals (blue light, red far red ratio). Defoliation may also in some cases have a direct negative effect on leaf growth by damaging leaf meristems. Understanding the respective role of these various physiological and environmental processes requires studies where defoliation, photosynthetic active radiation and light signals are manipulated independently. Past and recent knowledge on these direct and indirect effects of defoliation on plant morphogenesis are discussed, leading to an overall integrated view of physiological and environmental processes that lead to adaptations of sward structure in response to defoliation management. Major consequences for herbage utilization efficiency are presented. OPEN ACCESSAgriculture 2015, 5 1147

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Sustainability of grazing systems: goals, concepts and methods.

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejado sob diferentes intensidades e métodos de pastejo

Variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejado sob diferentes intensidades e métodos de pastejo

Ecophysiology of C4 Forage Grasses—Understanding Plant Growth for Optimising Their Use and Management

Defoliation, Shoot Plasticity, Sward Structure and Herbage Utilization in Pasture: Review of the Underlying Ecophysiological Processes

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