Survival of Pasteurella multocida in Soil and Water in an Area Where Avian Cholera is Enzootic

Abstract

Chile. The authors are grateful to person-ne1 at each site for providing fish and assistance during collection. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 7453.

Associations Between Water Quality, Pasteurella Multocida, and Avian Cholera at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge

“…These results are in contrast to higher occurrence of P. multocida and greater distribution of avian cholera outbreaks in California during 1998 (Samuel et al, 2003). Our results also are inconsistent with previous studies documenting the presence of P. multocida in wetlands that experienced avian cholera mortality (Rosen and Bischoff, 1949;Rosen, 1969;Titche, 1979;Price and Brand, 1984;Windingstad et al, 1984Windingstad et al, , 1988Backstrand and Botzler, 1986).…”

“…Because the onset of clinical signs from avian cholera ranges from six to 48 hr after infection (Friend, 1999), highly mobile waterfowl could die some distance from the original site of infection. However, the assumption of infection and mortality in the same wetland seems common in field studies on avian cholera (Rosen and Bischoff, 1949;Rosen, 1969;Titche, 1979;Price and Brand, 1984;Windingstad et al, 1984Windingstad et al, , 1988Backstrand and Botzler, 1986).…”

“…There is also evidence that animal protein enhances survival of P. multocida (Rosen and Bischoff, 1949;Titche, 1979;Bredy and Botzler, 1989). In addition, P. multocida has been isolated from the water and sediment of wetlands experiencing avian cholera epizootics (Rosen and Bischoff, 1949;Rosen, 1969;Korschgen et al, 1978;Price and Brand, 1984;Backstrand and Botzler, 1986;Samuel et al, 2003), and the bacteria can persist in wetland soil and water (Rosen and Bischoff, 1949;Rosen, 1969;Price and Brand, 1984;Backstrand and Botzler, 1986;Bredy and Botzler, 1989). Thus, regardless of the reservoir for infectious bacteria, wetlands are likely an important source of bacteria during avian cholera epizootics.…”

Avian Cholera emergence in Arctic-nesting northern Common Eiders: using community-based, participatory surveillance to delineate disease outbreak patterns and predict transmission risk

“…Many of the islands that had ponds were depauperate in organic matter. Vegetation cover is likely a surrogate for a suite of factors relating to ground moisture retention and temperature, which are known to influence the survival of environmentally transmitted pathogens Raffel 2010, Wood et al 2010), including P. multocida (Backstrand and Botzler 1986). It is likely that the association that we found between vegetation cover and outbreak probability encompasses a combination of sediment and pond characteristics not captured by pond presence and number alone.…”

Clonal stability ofPasteurella multocidain free-range layers affected by fowl cholera

“…As healthy chickens can be carriers (Muhairwa et al ., 2000), it is feasible that P. multocida may persist on multi-age farms. However, a recent investigation found different clones of P. multocida in each of four outbreaks of fowl cholera on a duck farm over a 2-year period (Muhairwa et al ., 2000), indicating that elimination of P. multocida from infected farms is possible even in duck farms with a low level of biosecurity, as might be expected for a pathogen that is easily inactivated by common disinfectants, sunlight, drying or heat, and that survives for a maximum of 30 days in the environment (Backstrand & Botzler, 1986;Glisson et al ., 2003). P. multocida may have persisted by colonization of the cats that were kept at both affected farms, as they may act as reservoirs of P. multocida that are virulent for poultry (Curtis & Ollerhead, 1982;Snipes et al ., 1988;Korbel et al ., 1992;Van Sambeek et al ., 1995;Glisson et al ., 2003).…”